Speaker 1: Hey, it's time for another Saturday classic where we dig
Speaker 1: into the back catalog and we re share an older episode.
Speaker 1: Uh and today that episode is the Emu War. This
Speaker 1: is one of the topics that we continue to get
Speaker 1: requests for and while it's nice to be able to
Speaker 1: answer those emails with a wish that is already granted,
Speaker 1: when we send the u r L of that existing episode,
Speaker 1: we thought we would spread the news far and wide
Speaker 1: that yes, there is an episode about the Emu war.
Speaker 1: I will also say that we know that in Australia
Speaker 1: people say emu as highy just did. However, in the
Speaker 1: United States many people say emu as I just did. Yeah.
Speaker 1: We got a lot of email about this fact when
Speaker 1: this episode originally came out. Yeah, so just enjoy the
Speaker 1: birds and don't get too worried about how we pronounce it.
Speaker 1: We know both are acceptable in different places. And this
Speaker 1: war and I have to use the air quotes was
Speaker 1: an initiative in Australia in the nineteen thirties to control
Speaker 1: the emu population. There were soldiers and guns and hunting.
Speaker 1: It was a big adventure, but ultimately it was a
Speaker 1: really embarrassing affair. So enjoy Welcome to Stuff You Missed
Speaker 1: in History Class from how Stuff Works dot Com. Hello
Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and
Speaker 1: I'm Holly Frown and today we have an episode that
Speaker 1: is right from the suggestion boxes from the Twitter user
Speaker 1: Anti Purvis, who asked us if we could please talk
Speaker 1: about the Emu War of UM referenced that as one
Speaker 1: of the most bizarre wildlife management stories. I would like
Speaker 1: to just go ahead and put it out there. Yes, correct,
Speaker 1: that's that's completely accurate. Um. It's also a story that
Speaker 1: needs a little bit of context. H. Yeah. After World
Speaker 1: War One, there were a lot of soldiers in Australia,
Speaker 1: both Australian and British, and they moved to rural parts
Speaker 1: of the country as part of a rural settlement effort
Speaker 1: described as a state scheme. This is quotes a state
Speaker 1: scheme intended to turn swords into plowshares by Murray Johnson
Speaker 1: in the Journal of Australian Studies. So the government purchased
Speaker 1: about ninety thousand hectares of land, uh and much of
Speaker 1: it was not actually very good for farmland. There's there's
Speaker 1: a lot of land in Australia but a lot of
Speaker 1: it does not work for quote, conventional farming very well,
Speaker 1: and that puts a high demand on the parts they
Speaker 1: are going to be the best for farming. So a
Speaker 1: lot of the soldiers wound up in more of the
Speaker 1: marginal areas that weren't actually that great for farming. So
Speaker 1: they were already set up to have some challenges in
Speaker 1: their farming work. And in particular in the Campion while
Speaker 1: Ghulan district, which is northeast of Perth in Western Australia,
Speaker 1: the population was largely soldier settlers, many of whom were
Speaker 1: growing wheat, and about five thousand of them were trying
Speaker 1: their hand at agricultural work. As part of soldier settlement.
Speaker 1: Many hedge their bed, using their land for mixed farming,
Speaker 1: like they would try to grow wheat and produce wool
Speaker 1: at the same time, and when the price of one
Speaker 1: commodity went down sometimes they could make up the difference
Speaker 1: with the other thing that they were working on. So
Speaker 1: in spite of the fact that this a lot of
Speaker 1: this was not really prime farmland, through the nineteen twenties
Speaker 1: things had gone pretty well. They'd had several good seasons
Speaker 1: in a row, but by the time the thirties rolled around,
Speaker 1: things started to go south a little bit. They were
Speaker 1: becoming a little strained. Commodity prices were dropping, droughts had
Speaker 1: become really common. There was a lot of problems, a
Speaker 1: lot of problems with rabbit infestation. And even when things
Speaker 1: had been better, sometimes there had already been problems with
Speaker 1: really hard frosts and the rabbits. We will talk about
Speaker 1: the rabbits again in a future episode, because there's a
Speaker 1: whole other story there. And then, of course the Great
Speaker 1: Depression happened UH, and the value for many of Australia's
Speaker 1: goods was really dropping and the deficit was out of control.
Speaker 1: In a hurry, the Australian government, which was under Prime
Speaker 1: Minister James Schoolan at the time, used the country's wheat
Speaker 1: farming as an attempt to prevent the financial disaster that
Speaker 1: was falling upon all of them. UH. And under the
Speaker 1: Grow More Wheat campaign, the government had actually promised a
Speaker 1: price of four shillings per bushel for wheat. The idea
Speaker 1: was that the government could use wheat to offset the
Speaker 1: collapsing price of other goods, and people were really tempted
Speaker 1: by this idea of four shillings a bushel. Getting a
Speaker 1: guaranteed price for something was great and unexpected. It was
Speaker 1: a better price than they could really expect other places.
Speaker 1: But unfortunately, after this deal had been promoted to everyone,
Speaker 1: the price of wheat started collapsing too, and the price
Speaker 1: of wheat had already declined just tremendously when the Wheat
Speaker 1: Marketing Bill, which would have actually gotten the money that
Speaker 1: had been promised to the farmers, was voted down in
Speaker 1: the Senate on July So people had been expecting that
Speaker 1: they could grow all this wheat. Ellett guaranteed four shillings
Speaker 1: a bushel, and then the funding essentially fell through when
Speaker 1: the bill was voted down. It was a hugely important bill,
Speaker 1: especially in Western Australia where these particular farmers were living.
Speaker 1: It was so important that there were talks of Western
Speaker 1: Australian secession from the rest of Australia as the debate
Speaker 1: was going on. One of the people making this sort
Speaker 1: of threat was Mr H. Gregory of West Australia and
Speaker 1: the House of Representatives, who said that Western Australia was
Speaker 1: going to have way more difficulty than any other Australian
Speaker 1: state if the farmers didn't get their money for their wheat.
Speaker 1: There were other initiatives attempted to try to make good
Speaker 1: on the promise, either by Australia or by the individual states,
Speaker 1: but they just could not get off the ground. Another
Speaker 1: bill to pay three shillings per bushal was passed, but
Speaker 1: by then the situation was so dire and the country
Speaker 1: was having so many fiscal issues that they didn't have
Speaker 1: the money to actually pay it. It was just words
Speaker 1: right that the price of wheat kept falling during the depression,
Speaker 1: and uh the farmers were becoming angrier and angrier and
Speaker 1: more frustrated because they were waiting for this higher price
Speaker 1: that the government had promised them while watching the market
Speaker 1: price fall. So they were losing the ability to cut
Speaker 1: their losses the longer they waited on the government to
Speaker 1: pay them. At one point, they got so frustrated that
Speaker 1: they even stopped loading their grain in an attempt to
Speaker 1: force the government to pay up. It was sort of
Speaker 1: effectively the same thing as going on strike, but that
Speaker 1: didn't work, and finally the Wheat Bounty Act was passed
Speaker 1: on November twenty five, n one, and that paid four
Speaker 1: and a halfpence per bushell on all wheat marketed in
Speaker 1: ninety two and other relief measures did follow. These measures,
Speaker 1: unfortunately did not offer that much actual relief. Um. It's
Speaker 1: a little hard to compare because Australian money was not
Speaker 1: on the decimal system at the time. Now Australian money
Speaker 1: is on the dollar, but there are twenty shillings in
Speaker 1: a pound and two forty pence in a pound, so
Speaker 1: to drop from four shillings to four and a halfpence
Speaker 1: per bushel is incredible. That's a pretty significant um tank
Speaker 1: at the point. So that's the context. You have all
Speaker 1: of these farmers who have been farming all of this wheat.
Speaker 1: They're desperate to be able to sell their wheat for something.
Speaker 1: All the government's efforts to be able to pay them
Speaker 1: money have pretty much fallen through. They're they're now sort
Speaker 1: of scraping together this tiny, tiny amount probusial. This is
Speaker 1: what's going on when just before the wheat harvest the
Speaker 1: EMUs came. So a little bit of background in case
Speaker 1: you don't know what an EMU is, which I found
Speaker 1: out some people I know who are smart did not, so,
Speaker 1: so so that's where we're spelling this out. That's surprising
Speaker 1: because we actually have EMUs in Georgia that are places
Speaker 1: it's apparently a very hospitable environment for them. So it's
Speaker 1: a large ostrich like flightless bird that's native to Australia.
Speaker 1: It's about one and a half meters, which is five
Speaker 1: ft tall and or a hundred pounds, a big flightless bird. Uh.
Speaker 1: Some of some species have been exterminated by settlers in
Speaker 1: our extinct extinct. The ones that are left can run
Speaker 1: really fast, they kick when they're cornered, and they like
Speaker 1: to eat fruit, insects and wait. It turns out UM
Speaker 1: they generally migrate kind of westward out of drier areas
Speaker 1: and towards the coast after their breeding season. Rabbit fruit
Speaker 1: Rabbit proof fences that are in parts of Australia that
Speaker 1: were built between nine one and nineteen seven keep them
Speaker 1: away from much of the coast, but it runs sort
Speaker 1: of north south and even though they're migrating westward, they're
Speaker 1: also going northwards, so they're pretty much running the same
Speaker 1: direction as the fences going. So there's not a lot
Speaker 1: of protection offered with this fence. UM. It also turns
Speaker 1: out that they're wily, which people were not expecting when
Speaker 1: they concocted this plan. Uh. Eves had been protected under
Speaker 1: the Game Act of eighteen seventy four, but in new
Speaker 1: legislation which went into effect, actually listed them as vermin
Speaker 1: because of their really devastating effect on wheat farms. So
Speaker 1: twenty thousand giant kicking running bird vermin descended upon the
Speaker 1: wheat farms. Uh. It was not good for anyone. Uh.
Speaker 1: They were making their way through farms around Campion and
Speaker 1: while Ghulin, which are east and northeast of Perth, as
Speaker 1: we said before, UH, causing huge damage to the wheat farms.
Speaker 1: And some of the soldier settlers were like, we remember
Speaker 1: a very effective weapon from World War One and we're
Speaker 1: gonna go ask if we can get help. So they
Speaker 1: went to Sir George Pierce, who was the Minister of Defense,
Speaker 1: and said, we would like the military's help with this
Speaker 1: EMU problem. That can we have some machine guns league
Speaker 1: which we love. But it's like, uh, it's just one
Speaker 1: of those things that seems so extreme. It's almost hard
Speaker 1: to process. And I want to fight a b Let
Speaker 1: me get some heavy artillery. But it really was that
Speaker 1: dire at that point. It was people were really desperately
Speaker 1: seeking help. At this point, Um Pierce agreed that he
Speaker 1: was going to send some soldiers. There were some conditions though.
Speaker 1: Local defense personnel not civilians, had to be there to
Speaker 1: man the machine guns. There had to be a commanding
Speaker 1: officer present, The State of Western Australia would have to
Speaker 1: pay for the troop transport, and the soldier settlers would
Speaker 1: have to provide the housing and the AMMO and the
Speaker 1: food for the troops. He did all of this without
Speaker 1: informing the Military Board. Colonel Hoade of the first Cavalry
Speaker 1: Division in Sydney had also requested on skins with the
Speaker 1: hope of using feathers for his light horseman's hat. So
Speaker 1: the troops really like they felt like they had put
Speaker 1: a plan together that was gonna work. Yes, they thought
Speaker 1: success was imminent, yes and inevitable. They were going to
Speaker 1: just be able to slaughter e moves, retrieve their skins, everybody. Uh.
Speaker 1: Major GPW. Meredith was the commander of the seventh Heavy
Speaker 1: Battery and he was in charge of this event. Also
Speaker 1: to quote Murray Johnson who we referenced earlier, Sergeant McMurray
Speaker 1: and Gunner O'Halloran and their equipment consisting of two Lewis
Speaker 1: machine guns and ten thousand rounds of ammunition. Their task
Speaker 1: force was also joined by a Fox movie tone cinematographer
Speaker 1: to record the forthcoming campaign, which suggests that someone in authority,
Speaker 1: possibly Pierce, saw direct military activity in the Wheatlands as
Speaker 1: useful government propaganda. So we've got the major, the sergeant,
Speaker 1: the gunner, and the movie team coming to Western Australia.
Speaker 1: They were in Western Australia already, but coming to this
Speaker 1: part of Western Australia to kill EMUs in film it.
Speaker 1: How could this go anyway than success? Uh? Just for context.
Speaker 1: The Lewis machine gun is a light machine gun. It
Speaker 1: was invented by U S. Colonel Isaac Newton Lewis and
Speaker 1: it was used extensively by the British Empire in World
Speaker 1: War One. It has a flat pan magazine on top
Speaker 1: instead of a belt feed as you might imagine. You
Speaker 1: can actually look up YouTube videos of this and see
Speaker 1: what we're talking about. It's kind of fascinating the way
Speaker 1: it feeds through. Yeah, it's a big flat pan of
Speaker 1: ammunition that sits on top. Yeah, where the MMO is
Speaker 1: actually loaded into the pan, almost like the rays of
Speaker 1: the sun. If you were drawing like a childish drawing
Speaker 1: of the sun and then you flip it onto the
Speaker 1: the machine gun and it feeds from that pan rather
Speaker 1: than we've all seen in films like those long the
Speaker 1: belt feed that. But it doesn't work like that now.
Speaker 1: This team arrived in early October, but just after they
Speaker 1: got there a rainstorm drove all the EMUs out of
Speaker 1: the fields. Were long enough that they said, okay, this
Speaker 1: is actually we're not We're not worth waiting around here.
Speaker 1: We're going to go home. Um. When the EMUs came back.
Speaker 1: About a month later, Merritt, Major Mary and his team
Speaker 1: came back as well, and they arrived at the fields
Speaker 1: near Campion on November two at about the time, at
Speaker 1: about the same time as I heard of about fifty EMUs. Uh.
Speaker 1: The problem was that the EMUs were out of range
Speaker 1: of the machine guns, and some soldiers tried to come
Speaker 1: and heard the EMUs toward the guns, which was not
Speaker 1: all that effective. They finally did manage to strike a
Speaker 1: few birds as they were fleeing for the cover of
Speaker 1: nearby trees. And they actually made a base camp on
Speaker 1: the land of a man named Joseph Joyce, and they
Speaker 1: did recon on the surrounding farms for emu activity. Uh.
Speaker 1: They managed to take out about a dozen birds before
Speaker 1: deciding to change their tactics from seek out and shoot
Speaker 1: to set ambushes near water sources. Right. The ambus strategy
Speaker 1: was a little more successful than the seek and shoot strategy,
Speaker 1: but but not really by much. November three passed without
Speaker 1: any kind of incident. On November four, about a thousand
Speaker 1: EMUs came out of the trees and approached the ambush directly.
Speaker 1: The ambush was set on the walls of a dam,
Speaker 1: and the machine gunners opened fire and hit a few
Speaker 1: birds before the machine gun jammed. The settlers who were
Speaker 1: assisting with this operation open fire with their rifles, but
Speaker 1: by that point the birds were scattering and running for
Speaker 1: the tree line. They waited for the rest of the
Speaker 1: day for the birds to come back to this watering hole.
Speaker 1: When they didn't come back, uh, if everybody started to
Speaker 1: get the idea that maybe these EMUs were a little
Speaker 1: smarter than they had thought. Yeah, they didn't count on them,
Speaker 1: using the logic of that thing is dangerous, I will
Speaker 1: stay away from it. Let's not go there. Uh. And
Speaker 1: so they moved their operations south and they tried to
Speaker 1: mount a Lewis machine gun onto a truck so that
Speaker 1: they could fire while driving and hit EMUs that were
Speaker 1: on the move, But the EMUs outran them and escaped
Speaker 1: into the trees, and the gunner found the ride so
Speaker 1: rough that he really wasn't able to fire the machine
Speaker 1: gun anyway. Now elsewhere, on the same day, a truck
Speaker 1: ran down an EMU hit it, ran out of control
Speaker 1: and destroyed a long length of fence. So the battle
Speaker 1: against the EMUs was not really going very well anywhere
Speaker 1: that day. By the eighth of November Major Meredith's Meredith's
Speaker 1: team had used about a quarter of their ammunition, which
Speaker 1: was about rounds, and with that they had killed two us. Uh.
Speaker 1: Meredith later called it three hundred, and the soldier settlers
Speaker 1: rounded it up to five hundred, maybe to raise their spirits.
Speaker 1: They were the ones paying for the ammo, so the
Speaker 1: idea that such a tiny proportion of AMMO was actually
Speaker 1: killing EMUs was a little distressing when they were the
Speaker 1: ones paying for the bullets. And then on November nine, yes,
Speaker 1: we're actually got to parliament about what was going on.
Speaker 1: When parliament Member Harold Thornby actually asked Prime Minister Lions
Speaker 1: about the farce that was going on in Western Australia.
Speaker 1: That same day, the Secretary of Defense sent a telegram
Speaker 1: ordering the operation to end. Yes, this is an example
Speaker 1: of we would rather ask for forgiveness than permission. Did
Speaker 1: not work out because, having not asked for permission, they
Speaker 1: were ordered to return home. It was not a successful
Speaker 1: attempt well, and it most likely actually made things worse,
Speaker 1: since the fleeing EMUs than not only had they been
Speaker 1: eating wheat, but now they were trampling crops. So the
Speaker 1: soldier settlers, though, continued to ask for aid, and Meredith's
Speaker 1: reports spoke of the extensive damage that the emu's had done.
Speaker 1: He also explained, as best as he could why he
Speaker 1: had used so much AMMO on so few birds, And
Speaker 1: these are his words. It must be realized that an
Speaker 1: emu full out can do forty five. Consequently, the target is,
Speaker 1: after the first burst, a very rapidly moving one and
Speaker 1: is only visible for a very short time. Moreover, the
Speaker 1: emu is an amazingly hard bird to kill outright, and
Speaker 1: many mortal, many carrey mortal wounds up to the distance
Speaker 1: of half a mile on actual observation. UH much later
Speaker 1: in this campaign, a farmer named A. E. Johnson held
Speaker 1: an EMU with its truck, and that bird had five
Speaker 1: bullets in his body which appeared to have been from
Speaker 1: the first onslaught. So this EMU was still alive days
Speaker 1: after being shot with multiple rounds. Yeah, it had survived
Speaker 1: and was just carrying around metal while it ran about
Speaker 1: its business. People in the government appeared to try to
Speaker 1: distance themselves from the idea of a second campaign uh
Speaker 1: and the Minister of Defense finally said that no military
Speaker 1: personnel can be placed there, but that the state government
Speaker 1: could have equipment if it found its own qualified operators.
Speaker 1: So they didn't want to waste man hours, but they
Speaker 1: were willing to offer them the materials needed to continue
Speaker 1: trying to fight the EMUs on their own, but there
Speaker 1: were no experience machine gunners in the civil service list,
Speaker 1: so it was back to Meredith and team, who were
Speaker 1: being lampooned as Major Meredith and his married men. They
Speaker 1: came back to the area and launched a second offensive
Speaker 1: on November thirt and they used Joseph Joyce's property as
Speaker 1: their starting point again. They killed about twenty five mus
Speaker 1: on November thirte and about the twenty about twenty more
Speaker 1: the day after. At about this time, an animal welfare
Speaker 1: officer was sent to oversee the reports that so many
Speaker 1: birds were apparently being injured and then continuing to run.
Speaker 1: It's not likely that he was able to do that much.
Speaker 1: So he was basically there to try to ensure that
Speaker 1: the animals weren't suffering, that they were being hit and killed,
Speaker 1: and not needlessly carrying on in an inhumane way. Right
Speaker 1: that that was That was his role, but it's unlikely
Speaker 1: that it actually made much of an effect. By November fifteen,
Speaker 1: the birds had started to become release cautious of the
Speaker 1: soldiers activities, which I think people weren't quite expecting them
Speaker 1: to learn from experience. Um they would stay out of
Speaker 1: range of the machine gun, so they were smarter than
Speaker 1: people thought they were. They were learning range distance and
Speaker 1: where was safe and where wasn't. They had boundaries in
Speaker 1: their head of how closely could get h The team
Speaker 1: moved around the area as various farmers would report to
Speaker 1: them that they had seen EMUs and had crop damage,
Speaker 1: and by December two they were pretty consistently killing uh
Speaker 1: by reports about a hundred ems a week. That's what
Speaker 1: they were telling people. Brigadier Martin recalled Major Meredith on
Speaker 1: December ten. In Martin's reports, he gave an estimated nine
Speaker 1: eighty six birds killed and nine thousand, eight hundred sixty
Speaker 1: bullets used. That's a suspicious accounting of birds versus bullets,
Speaker 1: and that is just multiplying by ten. Yes, there was
Speaker 1: an ongoing attempt to get the soldier settlers to repay
Speaker 1: the military for that that ammunition. The way that it
Speaker 1: went down is that the Agricultural Bank reimbursed the military
Speaker 1: on the soldier's behalf, and then the bank put off
Speaker 1: asking the soldiers to repay them until thirty three because
Speaker 1: they know times are hard for everybody. Eventually, T. E. Dixon,
Speaker 1: who was the president of the Wheat Growers Union at Campion,
Speaker 1: got a demand for thirty five pounds, and Daniel O'Leary,
Speaker 1: who was an executive member of the while Gulan Wheat
Speaker 1: Growers Union, got a demand for twenty four pounds. O
Speaker 1: Learry eventually got his payment reduced, though to one pound
Speaker 1: fourteen shillings. He didn't want to pay anything encountered with
Speaker 1: an accounting of how much money he had spent personally
Speaker 1: on the effort, including nine pounds for victualling his majesty's
Speaker 1: troops ten pounds for transport, with a further five pounds
Speaker 1: for damage to same, and nine hundred pounds for the
Speaker 1: loss of six thousand bushels of wheat valued at three
Speaker 1: shillings per bushel. The whole thing remained suspended, and many
Speaker 1: sources don't show that anybody ever actually got paid, that
Speaker 1: no money changed hands for reimbursement. Now, even though this
Speaker 1: is pretty roundly seen as an unsuccessful attempt to curb
Speaker 1: the population of EMUs, Western Australians continued to ask for
Speaker 1: military help again in ninety four, nine thirty eight, and
Speaker 1: nineteen forty three. The military turned down the request all
Speaker 1: three times. The soldier settlers used their own arms to
Speaker 1: fight the EMUs instead. O Leary, who we mentioned a
Speaker 1: few minutes ago in nineteen forty three also mentioned getting
Speaker 1: an RSPC a letter about uh their destruction of the
Speaker 1: EMUs and how it was cruel. His response was that
Speaker 1: they were going to defend their crops and they did
Speaker 1: not need anyone's permission, and after World War Two, farmers
Speaker 1: were actually issued free ammunition for dealing with vermon Two
Speaker 1: hundred and eighty four thousand, seven hundred four EMUs were
Speaker 1: known to have been killed by farmers between nineteen forty
Speaker 1: five and nineteen sixty so in just fifteen years time, right,
Speaker 1: So it seems like while the firing of machine guns
Speaker 1: at herds of EMUs not very successful as an attempt
Speaker 1: to control their population, people have been able to do
Speaker 1: a little better with a rifle sort of singling out
Speaker 1: one at a time. There are still lots and lots
Speaker 1: of EMUs in Australia. Their population now is controlled by
Speaker 1: a bounty. There are payments given for between five thousand
Speaker 1: and forty thousand birds a year in Western Australia. Even
Speaker 1: though there are that many being shot, reportedly, their population
Speaker 1: are still pretty healthy. It's sort of like the idea
Speaker 1: of if if the bird is really being a pest
Speaker 1: and it's not negatively affecting their overall population to the
Speaker 1: point of threatening them to be able to keep them
Speaker 1: out of farmlands, then generally people seem to be okay
Speaker 1: with the situation. Yeah, it's always, you know, as a
Speaker 1: compassionate human being, it's always hard to think about animals
Speaker 1: being killed, But this is one of those cases where
Speaker 1: the government is really trying to balance the health of
Speaker 1: the animal population and the welfare of the human population,
Speaker 1: and it's tricky. There's no easy answer really that's going
Speaker 1: to make it everybody happy. So that's where they've landed
Speaker 1: is with bounty. So that that one attempt N two
Speaker 1: they fought a battle. They fought a battle, and at
Speaker 1: the time things where they were obviously things were hard
Speaker 1: in the Great Depression. People really took the opportunity to
Speaker 1: to lampoon the military and the government when that was
Speaker 1: going on. It became a source of entertainment for people,
Speaker 1: which people kind of needed then, and it was it
Speaker 1: was nice for people to have a government target that
Speaker 1: they could laugh at when people felt like the government
Speaker 1: was taking a lot of blame for what was going
Speaker 1: on in the community at the time. So that's the
Speaker 1: story of the Emy War, the brief and indeed bizarre
Speaker 1: wildlife management attempt in Western Australia. Hey, since these episodes
Speaker 1: that were sharing our past class six, we have some
Speaker 1: updated information that will supersede the contact stuff you've heard before.
Speaker 1: If you want to email us, our email address is
Speaker 1: History Podcast at house to works dot com and you
Speaker 1: can find us across the spectrum of social media as
Speaker 1: Missed in History. You can also find us at Missed
Speaker 1: in history dot com, and you can visit our parent company,
Speaker 1: howset Works at house to works dot com. For more
Speaker 1: on this and thousands of other topics, visit how staff
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