Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from house
Speaker 1: stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
Speaker 1: I'm Holly from and I'm Tracy D. Wilson. And so
Speaker 1: in our last episode, we discussed the incidents that happened
Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety in Tsavo, Africa during construction of the
Speaker 1: Uganda Railroad. Two lions, who came to be known as
Speaker 1: the Ghost in the Darkness because many of the men
Speaker 1: and camp believe them to be supernatural, killed in eight
Speaker 1: dozens of workers, eventually shutting down work on the bridge
Speaker 1: until the pair were killed by Lieutenant Colonel John Patterson,
Speaker 1: who was a civil engineer that was hired to work
Speaker 1: on the construction projects. So we need to have a
Speaker 1: note about names before we go on today. That's that
Speaker 1: we're going to be talking a good bit about the
Speaker 1: work of a researcher named Bruce Patterson, and he has
Speaker 1: no relation to the John Patterson who killed the lions.
Speaker 1: So when we refer to Patterson by last name only
Speaker 1: in the second part, we are talking about Bruce Patterson,
Speaker 1: the researcher. So the first question that comes up in
Speaker 1: research when people discuss these lions uh is why did
Speaker 1: they develop a taste for human flesh. And there are
Speaker 1: a number of possible contributing factors. So one of them
Speaker 1: is that there may have been a scarcity of other
Speaker 1: food sources in the late eighteen nineties render pest, which
Speaker 1: we talked about in a Listener Males segment related to
Speaker 1: our episode about smallpox. Turns out smallpox is not the
Speaker 1: only illness that mankind has ever eradicated the only human illness.
Speaker 1: The render pest really was doing some ravaging of livestock. Yes,
Speaker 1: render pest was a very serious live stock disease that
Speaker 1: was eradicated in two thousand and eleven, and it might
Speaker 1: have been responsible for completely devastating the buffalo population, which
Speaker 1: significantly reduced to the prey options of the Savo lions.
Speaker 1: And uh smallpox and famine were also ravaging the region
Speaker 1: and affecting humans. There was also a slave and ivory
Speaker 1: caravans that were traveling the area, and as people would
Speaker 1: die of smallpox, famine, or just slaves that would die
Speaker 1: of exhaustion on these caravans would drop, the bodies were
Speaker 1: usually just left, so this may have easily given these
Speaker 1: lions a taste for human flesh. Because corpses were readily available,
Speaker 1: and most animals, even hunting animals, will go for the
Speaker 1: easiest possible food source. They like to conserve their energy exactly,
Speaker 1: which is also going to come up a little bit later.
Speaker 1: There's also the same factor that's often part of animals
Speaker 1: attacking humans, which is loss of territory. We talked about
Speaker 1: that a little bit at the end of the last episode.
Speaker 1: As people move into wild areas, the animals that live
Speaker 1: and hunt there are displaced or they find that their
Speaker 1: entire ecosystem has been unbalanced as a result, and that
Speaker 1: often leads to sudden behavioral changes as species try to
Speaker 1: adapt to these new conditions. And because there were problems
Speaker 1: with lions attacking humans prior to the famous incidents that
Speaker 1: were described in Tsavo as part of this bridge building
Speaker 1: uh and attacks have continued since then, animal behaviorists have
Speaker 1: theorized that man hunting may in fact be a learned
Speaker 1: behavior that's been passed down through multiple generations of this
Speaker 1: lion group. So there have been many many studies conducted
Speaker 1: about the Tsavo lions through the years. In particular, the
Speaker 1: team at the Field Museum where the Ghost and the
Speaker 1: Darkness live on as taxi Army Displays has been highly
Speaker 1: involved in multiple research projects about why these lions do
Speaker 1: what they do. Their work has focused mostly on the
Speaker 1: lions social grouping, why they don't have mains, the ecological
Speaker 1: influences of the area, and even their dental health. And
Speaker 1: we're actually gonna talk about dental health first because this
Speaker 1: one is really fascinating. There. It's all really fascinating to me.
Speaker 1: But this one I had not heard of before. But
Speaker 1: there was a study released in two thousand and they
Speaker 1: had examined the teeth of both of the lions from
Speaker 1: the eight nine incidents, because we have their skulls at
Speaker 1: the Field, as well as a third line that the
Speaker 1: Field Museum acquired uh as part of its taxidermy display,
Speaker 1: and that line killed six people in Mufui, Zambia in
Speaker 1: and when they looked at all of these skulls of
Speaker 1: these lions, they all had severe dental issues. One of
Speaker 1: the Savo lions had severe root tip abscesses. The other
Speaker 1: had so much damage and so many missing teeth that
Speaker 1: it would have been hard for it to deliver any
Speaker 1: kind of killing bite to a one of its typical
Speaker 1: prey animals. In the case of the line from Zambia,
Speaker 1: there was evidence of chronic jaw infection, and that led
Speaker 1: to the examination of the possibility that all of these
Speaker 1: lions might have turned to hunting humans because they're much
Speaker 1: easier prey than most of the other animals that they
Speaker 1: would normally hunt. Yeah, aside from the fact that we're
Speaker 1: humans are not as fast. Our skin is saw bite
Speaker 1: through paired to a high I was going to say,
Speaker 1: we were much softer and more delicate than a will
Speaker 1: to be were squichier, It's true. Uh. And this study
Speaker 1: actually built on the work of a tiger hunter that
Speaker 1: worked in India in the nineteen thirties named Jim Corbett,
Speaker 1: and he had put forth this uh, what was called
Speaker 1: the infirmity theory about beasts that hunt humans as prey.
Speaker 1: So when he was working in the thirties, he was
Speaker 1: often hired as a hunter to track and shoot tigers
Speaker 1: that targeted villagers in India. And then many of the
Speaker 1: cases that Corbett handled after he would uh, you know,
Speaker 1: collect his prey, after collect a tiger after it had
Speaker 1: been killed, almost all of them had some physical ailment,
Speaker 1: and this led him to believe that you know, it
Speaker 1: was the old or the injured animals that were going
Speaker 1: after humans again because we're easier to catch than uh
Speaker 1: normal wild animals. Yeah. It ties into what we were
Speaker 1: saying earlier about how even a predator will scavenge things
Speaker 1: because it's easier path of least resistance. Yeah, and so
Speaker 1: when the animal has less energy to start with, that
Speaker 1: makes the easier prey and even more delicious target. So,
Speaker 1: since only the skulls of the lions were preserved, all
Speaker 1: the rest of the components that make up the taxid
Speaker 1: army display at the Field Museum are not original to
Speaker 1: the side of the lions, and even the hides are replacements.
Speaker 1: Because the originals were damaged by being rugs, researchers don't
Speaker 1: really know if the lions had other health issues besides
Speaker 1: their bad teeth. Uh. However, there have been studies that
Speaker 1: have been conducted on modern quote problem lions in the
Speaker 1: Tsavo area. Uh. When these lions are killed by rangers
Speaker 1: outside the Tsavo East National Park, Uh, they're collected and
Speaker 1: then examined, and these examinations have not supported this theory.
Speaker 1: Bruce Patterson, who is uh the macars Are Curator of
Speaker 1: Mammals at the Field Museum and his team examined twenty
Speaker 1: three of these lions that were known to attack humans,
Speaker 1: and less than twenty of them them we're found to
Speaker 1: have dental issues, so the majority of them were actually healthy,
Speaker 1: young males. Another point of interest is that in conducting
Speaker 1: forensic studies of the animals jaws, researchers were able to
Speaker 1: retrieve the hair of some of their prey which had
Speaker 1: been stuck in their teeth for more than a years,
Speaker 1: and none of that hair was human. So it shows
Speaker 1: that the lions did also eat other animals. I would
Speaker 1: also kind of explain what was going on during the
Speaker 1: long lapses in when they weren't attacking, were frequently they
Speaker 1: were eating something else. So how we think about that?
Speaker 1: Do you want to stop for a second and here
Speaker 1: a word from our sponsors, or all right, let's do
Speaker 1: it and now back to lions. The next thing that
Speaker 1: has been studied a whole lot is a really unique
Speaker 1: characteristic of uh the lions in this area, which is
Speaker 1: that the males do not grow mains. Prior to modern research,
Speaker 1: there had been sighting of these mameless males before, but
Speaker 1: it had always been unknown if they were just an
Speaker 1: adolescent that had not grown in their main or if
Speaker 1: they had a medical problem which would somehow lead to
Speaker 1: them not being able to grow this wolf, or that
Speaker 1: they had lost it. The Ghost and the Darkness are
Speaker 1: estimated to have been between eight and ten years old
Speaker 1: when they were killed, and normally a lion's mane would
Speaker 1: grow in by the age of five, but neither of
Speaker 1: them had a main correct. One had some kind of
Speaker 1: tufting which has been seen on lines in this area
Speaker 1: where they have had a little whiskey bits of fur,
Speaker 1: but it's nothing compared to what you would normally see
Speaker 1: like in a Serengetti lion. Uh So, Bruce Patterson and
Speaker 1: his colleague Roland Kayes, who is the Senior Scientist of
Speaker 1: Zoology at New York State Museum in Albany, set out
Speaker 1: to study these lions and their hair growth, and they're
Speaker 1: certainly not the only researchers to examine this aspect of
Speaker 1: the cats. Scientists are actually still trying to figure out
Speaker 1: why any lions grow mains in the first place. It's
Speaker 1: kind of an odd thing in terms of hair patterning.
Speaker 1: So to lure the lions in caves, played the sound
Speaker 1: of a wounded baby buffalo that he had recorded on
Speaker 1: an earlier outing and lo and behold, the lions came
Speaker 1: right out and they came close enough to the vehicle
Speaker 1: for the researchers to be able to see the tiny
Speaker 1: nicks and scratches that helped distinguish one animal for another. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they were suddenly very interested in the wounded baby buffalo noise.
Speaker 1: UH and the team immediately upon getting this spectacularly close
Speaker 1: up view. UH noticed a significant difference between the Tavo
Speaker 1: lions and their Serengetti counterparts, and it was not about
Speaker 1: their hair, even though that's what they had initially gone
Speaker 1: primarily to study. UH. Whereas a pride in the Serengetti
Speaker 1: would normally have six or seven females and anywhere from
Speaker 1: two to four males, Tsavo prides often had seven or
Speaker 1: eight females and only a single male. Patterson and Kay's
Speaker 1: also observed another unusual behavior that they had never seen
Speaker 1: another lion groups, and those are troops of three or
Speaker 1: four males living and hunting together outside of a normal
Speaker 1: mixed sex tribe. And worth noting is the fact that
Speaker 1: the ghost in the Darkness actually fell outside either of
Speaker 1: these group behaviors that Patterson and Kay's have witnessed. Uh,
Speaker 1: they were two mature males that were hunting together, So
Speaker 1: they were older than these young males that they were
Speaker 1: finding in groups of four, and they did not seem
Speaker 1: to have females with them at all. Patterson and Kay's
Speaker 1: theorized that these unusual behaviors and the manlessness trade are
Speaker 1: all linked directly to the animals hormones, So their theory
Speaker 1: is centered around the idea that the male only groups
Speaker 1: are probably immature males who haven't had hormonal peaking. Once
Speaker 1: they reach full maturity, they'll probably lose their ability to
Speaker 1: tolerate each other, and they'll form their own prides by
Speaker 1: attracting females. This theory also includes the idea that the
Speaker 1: higher than normal testosterone levels may account for not having manes,
Speaker 1: similar to how male pattern baldness is also linked to
Speaker 1: high testosterone. Yeah, but they haven't been able to um
Speaker 1: conclusively determined if that's the case. Uh, you know, it's
Speaker 1: tricky to capture such a beast and test it, ah, man,
Speaker 1: would you want to? Well? And because because people's hormones
Speaker 1: are not like static things exactly, it's not a constant. Yeah,
Speaker 1: you you would have to capture them and test their
Speaker 1: hormones repeatedly, and then the act of capturing and testing
Speaker 1: would also be a stressor that would influence that it
Speaker 1: would be kind of uh. There was one thing that
Speaker 1: I read that said that, like, really to get a
Speaker 1: full comparison of like a Tsavo lion versus your standard
Speaker 1: Sherengetti lion, you would have to somehow capture two as cubs,
Speaker 1: take them away from you know, their pride or their
Speaker 1: their parents, raise them side by side in identical circumstances,
Speaker 1: and then do testing. But it is both difficult and
Speaker 1: has a lot of question marks about whether that's a
Speaker 1: good thing to do. Also, just as a side note,
Speaker 1: I find that the mainless males to look really freaky,
Speaker 1: Like like, as a kid, you learned that that male
Speaker 1: lions have manes and lionesses do not, that you don't
Speaker 1: really think of their bodies being dissimilar other than that,
Speaker 1: like that's sort of the key marker that we learned
Speaker 1: as little kids. And their bodies actually are pretty different,
Speaker 1: and them so huge and muscular, and it's like the
Speaker 1: main and other lions is kind of hiding some of that.
Speaker 1: They look like thugs, they they're they look just so
Speaker 1: they're beady yet the mainless male lines. If you have
Speaker 1: not seen their videos, we have them on the website,
Speaker 1: and they strike me in a very They're frightening. They're
Speaker 1: frightening to me. And at one point, all of this
Speaker 1: discussion about the different behaviors from other lions and the
Speaker 1: different physical traits leve researchers to suspect that they might
Speaker 1: actually be a distinct species, different from other lions, and
Speaker 1: that that would explain the mainlessness and these behavior variations.
Speaker 1: Unlike the hormone question, genetics proved this to be wrong
Speaker 1: pretty easily. Genetic sequencing revealed that Tavo lions are exactly
Speaker 1: the same as any other East African lions, so genetically
Speaker 1: they should be able to grow mains. There's no DNA
Speaker 1: reason for them to be behaving differently. And it's possible,
Speaker 1: of course, that the lack of the main is actually
Speaker 1: a response to environmental conditions. The thorny terrain of Tsavo
Speaker 1: would make a long main inconvenient, and Tsavo is also
Speaker 1: lower and warmer climate than the Serengetti, so lions in
Speaker 1: this hotter region may simply have adapted without means because
Speaker 1: the heat makes that additional hair a huge handicap to
Speaker 1: both their comfort and their health. It would make it
Speaker 1: really difficult for lions in search of food or mates
Speaker 1: to travel long distances because that extra heat generated by
Speaker 1: the blanket of their main would cause them to need
Speaker 1: more frequent water stops, which are not always available in Tsavo.
Speaker 1: There's just not as many opportunities for kind of refreshment.
Speaker 1: So it could be entirely just a and environmental adaptation.
Speaker 1: Now let's talk about whether they actually ate all those people. Yeah,
Speaker 1: this also is a science to the rescue situation. Yeah,
Speaker 1: so the famous lions of John H. Patterson's account did
Speaker 1: indeed kill and eat people. But the number originally reported
Speaker 1: of a hundred and thirty five deaths, which I just
Speaker 1: stuns me, that's been reevaluated in recent years. Yeah. Patterson
Speaker 1: uh uses that number in his book. And scientists at
Speaker 1: you see Santa Cruz examined samples from the Field Museum's
Speaker 1: display and they compared isotopes in samples collected from the felines,
Speaker 1: bone collagen, and Hairkeratin says, we know what you eat
Speaker 1: shows up in your collagen and your hair and your hair. Uh.
Speaker 1: They compared that with the ice hoopes that were found
Speaker 1: in their normal prey zebra, buffalo, willed the beast, and
Speaker 1: they also compared it to the remains of Kenyans from
Speaker 1: the nineteen century to get a better idea of what
Speaker 1: the animals had actually consumed. So they're basically comparing all
Speaker 1: of these tiny eat batty microscopic you know, atomic level
Speaker 1: proteins and keratins with all of the other possible things
Speaker 1: they could have eaten. And Uh, just in case you're
Speaker 1: wondering where those human samples of Kenyons from the nineteenth
Speaker 1: century came from. Uh, they actually used material that had
Speaker 1: been gathered by anthropologist Louis Leaky during an expedition in
Speaker 1: so just a couple of decades after the killings that
Speaker 1: were going on as part of the big Ghost in
Speaker 1: the Darkness event. So theoretically those canyons would have had
Speaker 1: similar diets and their isotopes would be the same as
Speaker 1: the ones twenty years prior. Yeah, the same basic process
Speaker 1: is what we talked about in our episode about the
Speaker 1: cannibalism at Jamestown. When they were trying to figure out
Speaker 1: who this person was and where she had come from,
Speaker 1: they had looked at the isotopes that remained as a
Speaker 1: result of her diet, and in this case, the findings
Speaker 1: indicated that one of the lions probably eight twenty four people,
Speaker 1: so that would be about half of its diet during
Speaker 1: the last months of its life. The other one ate
Speaker 1: only about eleven people and seems to favor middle sized
Speaker 1: herbivores for the majority of its food. So yeah, quite
Speaker 1: a bit short of one. That is still still a
Speaker 1: lot of people were still in the dozens. Arena Railroad
Speaker 1: Company records indicate that twenty Indian nationals were killed by
Speaker 1: the lions, and there was an unknown number of Africans,
Speaker 1: so they had shipped in Indian nationals and they had
Speaker 1: much better records on them, which is why we know. Uh.
Speaker 1: And these records, combined with the data that the UC
Speaker 1: Santa Cruz team compiled from doing this isotopic comparison, have
Speaker 1: led many to wonder if John Patterson didn't kind of
Speaker 1: inflate the number to one thirty five in his book
Speaker 1: as sort of a hunter's boast or even a way
Speaker 1: just to drum up book sales. Although to me, I
Speaker 1: think if you say these lions killed thirty five people,
Speaker 1: that's pretty shocking. I don't know why you have to
Speaker 1: add a hundred more to it? Well, and then the
Speaker 1: editor and me goes Or did somebody just accidentally type
Speaker 1: out a one in front of the rest and no
Speaker 1: one caught it? I wondered about that too. So many
Speaker 1: of the researchers who study the Savo lions have asserted
Speaker 1: that this group is no more inherently likely to attack
Speaker 1: people than any other lions, but the circumstances just led
Speaker 1: to their selection of people as prey, and the humans
Speaker 1: love of a good story has continued to put them
Speaker 1: forth as this kind of legendarily bloodthirsty man eating pack
Speaker 1: uh and the kind of close out on that mindset.
Speaker 1: Zoologist Dennis King, who has studied the Savo lions for years,
Speaker 1: once told journalist Philip Caputo, quote, people don't want to
Speaker 1: give up on mythology. I am so sick of this
Speaker 1: man eater business. Patterson has made a hell of a
Speaker 1: lot of money off that sort of story. But Tsavo's
Speaker 1: lions are no more likely to turn man eater than
Speaker 1: lions from elsewhere. So his thing is like, we shouldn't
Speaker 1: be demonizing this one group of lions. Yeah, we're kind
Speaker 1: of creating the perfect set of circumstances for them to
Speaker 1: have developed this taste for humans. Well, the story keeps
Speaker 1: reminding me of Jaws. Jaws made sharks be terrifying in
Speaker 1: people's minds in a way that they were not before.
Speaker 1: This story of these specific lines, Yeah, makes them quite
Speaker 1: more terrifying than lions on their own already are being
Speaker 1: big apex predators. Yeah. Again, thirty five would have been
Speaker 1: fine to be terrifying, especially when you get to the
Speaker 1: part where they're just dragging people off in the night. Yeah.
Speaker 1: I mean it's scary, and they were genuinely scary. I
Speaker 1: don't want to play down the fact that, like, yes,
Speaker 1: they really did kill and eat people, and they were
Speaker 1: extremely um crafty in the way they went about their hunts,
Speaker 1: and they were stalking humans as though they were any
Speaker 1: other prey. Uh. But we have to look at the
Speaker 1: bigger picture of the circumstantial scenario that they found themselves
Speaker 1: in that led them to that behavior. Yeah. Well, and
Speaker 1: I don't intend to victim blame by pointing out that
Speaker 1: there were there were people in the lion turf, but
Speaker 1: that is also a consequence of Yeah, it's a factor.
Speaker 1: So that's the scoop on the Tsavo lions, which I
Speaker 1: love to read about them. Um, anytime there's a new
Speaker 1: behavioral study or research study, I'm always excited. Well, And
Speaker 1: I think the last time we got an email from
Speaker 1: somebody asking us to talk about them, I remember, like,
Speaker 1: we have a hard time answering our email. We have
Speaker 1: lots of email that is as yet unanswered. Yeah this
Speaker 1: is one. Yeah, this is one where the email came
Speaker 1: in and there was this immediate answer for it. It
Speaker 1: was like, I totally want to talk about those. I
Speaker 1: do because I love that story, and it is one
Speaker 1: because I'm crazy animal lady and I really have a
Speaker 1: thing for cats obviously, um, but just you know, I
Speaker 1: sort of, if I had not gone into my career field,
Speaker 1: one of the things I considered was animal behavior. So
Speaker 1: it's a little pet zone of mine. Yeah, and they're
Speaker 1: just so majestic and beautiful. And I remember the first
Speaker 1: time I aw them at the field like kind of
Speaker 1: gasped and just they're very quietly and yeah, I can't
Speaker 1: help but have sort of a respect and fear at
Speaker 1: the same time. It's literal awe. That word has been
Speaker 1: kind of turned into something other when people say it's
Speaker 1: awesome it means something different than one is an interestingly meant.
Speaker 1: They are truly awesome, like they inspire all that. It
Speaker 1: made me sad that when I was in Chicago, the
Speaker 1: one time that I've been to Chicago, I did not
Speaker 1: go to the Field. I went to the Museum of
Speaker 1: Science and Industry, which is also also spectacular. But yeah,
Speaker 1: I was kind of like, I wish I had managed
Speaker 1: to make my trip one more day longer. They have
Speaker 1: an entire huge taxidermy wing that's really mind blowing. They've
Speaker 1: done such a beautiful job with it. So if you
Speaker 1: are into that, highly recommended, The Field is a well,
Speaker 1: it's one of my favorite museums. Do you have some
Speaker 1: listener mail? Do you? And it's actually similar to the
Speaker 1: listener mail we had in our last episode, because it
Speaker 1: turns out everyone is related to a Heshan. Maybe not everybody,
Speaker 1: but a lot of people are and it's really cool
Speaker 1: because they've kept really interesting family record. Uh So this
Speaker 1: one comes from our listener Amanda, and she wrote us
Speaker 1: on Facebook she said, Hi there, I love listening to
Speaker 1: the show, especially during my morning commute. I recently listened
Speaker 1: to the Hessian's episode and it triggered a memory of
Speaker 1: a genealogy book of my paternal grandmother's family. Johann Schwam
Speaker 1: was a Hessian who fought and was captured in the
Speaker 1: Battle of Trenton. He was then taken to Lancaster, Pennsylvania,
Speaker 1: my hometown, as a prisoner of war, and was sold
Speaker 1: basically as an indentured servant to work on a local farm.
Speaker 1: Once his service was completed, he made his way to Uh,
Speaker 1: the county in Pennsylvania that ended up being where my
Speaker 1: grandmother was born. I've also heard the term Hessian used
Speaker 1: to describe a group of click or click of rough
Speaker 1: hooligan teenage boys. I had never heard it that way,
Speaker 1: but I kind of love that. I'll appropriate historical terms
Speaker 1: for immediately labeling suppose at times with care. Uh. Yet,
Speaker 1: as long as we're not appropriating oppressed minority groups, Yeah, nothing,
Speaker 1: that's that seems like a fun and lighthearted nobody gets hurt. Uh.
Speaker 1: In the genealogy book, we found that one of Johann's
Speaker 1: descendants was a witness to the execution of William Kehoe,
Speaker 1: the leader of the Molly McGuire's Possible podcast topic. Uh.
Speaker 1: That is a really cool story, Amanda. You don't hear
Speaker 1: much about the ones that were sold off as servants.
Speaker 1: That's one we did not get very many emails about.
Speaker 1: We got a lot more. Yeah, we got a lot more.
Speaker 1: You know, my ancestor was ash and he deserted. Or
Speaker 1: my ancestor was a Heshan who stayed after the war.
Speaker 1: Not so much. Mine was captured and sold a prisoner
Speaker 1: of war who was sold into ind injured servitude. But
Speaker 1: it seems like it worked out. Hey, service was completed,
Speaker 1: he ended up settling in the Lovely area, and that's
Speaker 1: how Amanda came to be. So it worked out just fine.
Speaker 1: If you would also like to write as you can uh.
Speaker 1: We are at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. If
Speaker 1: you want to easy email. If you would like to
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Speaker 1: If you would like to learn more about a topic
Speaker 1: tangentially related to what we talked about today, you can
Speaker 1: go to our website type in the word little lion
Speaker 1: and you will get an article on how lion taming work. Incidentally, uh,
Speaker 1: if you watch any of the movies, particularly the most
Speaker 1: recent one that started up Dal Kilmer and Michael Douglas
Speaker 1: about the Ghosts in the Darkness, you will notice that
Speaker 1: those lions have mains. That's because it is hard to
Speaker 1: capture and team a savo lion. The lions working in
Speaker 1: Hollywood all have mains. So uh, that is how it's
Speaker 1: connected to lion taming. But if you would like to
Speaker 1: learn about almost anything else that you can think of,
Speaker 1: you should do that at our website, which is how
Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. For more on this and thousands
Speaker 1: of other topics, is it how stuff Works dot com.
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