Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how
Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
Speaker 1: I'm trec Vie Wilson. Come, I'm Holly Frying. Today we're
Speaker 1: going to talk about one of those people who have
Speaker 1: been requested so many times. Yes, we cannot say all
Speaker 1: the people who have requested would almost be its own podcast. Yes,
Speaker 1: and that person is Jane Adams. And she's one of
Speaker 1: those people who accomplished so much during her lifetime and
Speaker 1: was so beloved for most of it that it's really
Speaker 1: hard to sum her up in just a couple of sentences,
Speaker 1: like we often try to do at the beginning of
Speaker 1: our podcast. She was one of the foremost women in
Speaker 1: America's progressive era, which is when thinkers and activists were
Speaker 1: really working to address all these problems that had been
Speaker 1: brought on by urbanization and industrialization. So progressives were working
Speaker 1: to combat violence, poverty, greed, class warfare, racism, and a
Speaker 1: lot of other social issues, and Jane Adams made meaningful
Speaker 1: contributions to all of these. Yeah, her accomplishments were really prolific.
Speaker 1: One of the big ones is that she co founded
Speaker 1: Hull House, which was America's most well known and influential
Speaker 1: social settlement. She also wrote eleven books and numerous articles,
Speaker 1: and she was a frequent speaker on issues relating to women, children, immigrants,
Speaker 1: and the poor. She founded or helped found social organizations
Speaker 1: that still exist today, including the National Association for the
Speaker 1: Advancement of Colored People otherwise known as the INN double
Speaker 1: a CP, and the American Civil Liberties Unions. So when
Speaker 1: you hear people talk about the a c l U,
Speaker 1: Jane Adams had a big hand in its founding, and
Speaker 1: she was also an officer or board member on many
Speaker 1: many other organizations. Uh. And she was the first American
Speaker 1: woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. So yes, Tracy said,
Speaker 1: not one that's easy to sum up in a sentence
Speaker 1: or two. So her popularity was not completely universal, though
Speaker 1: by World War One she was just as likely to
Speaker 1: be called, in the words of FBI director Jaeder Hoover,
Speaker 1: the most dangerous woman in America. We'll talk more about
Speaker 1: that in the second part of this two parter, but
Speaker 1: today we will look at Hull House and the social
Speaker 1: settlement movement in America. So we'll start at the beginning,
Speaker 1: which is where she was born. She was originally born
Speaker 1: Laura Jane Adams in Cedarville, Illinois, and that was on
Speaker 1: September six of eighteen sixty uh. Cedarville was a very
Speaker 1: small farming community in the northwestern part of Illinois, not
Speaker 1: far south from the Wisconsin state line. Her parents were
Speaker 1: John Hueie Adams and Sarah Weber. Her father was a
Speaker 1: well off industrialist. He owned a grain mill and had
Speaker 1: interest in a bank as well as a number of
Speaker 1: other investments, and he was a state senator for sixteen years.
Speaker 1: Sarah died when Jane was two, and John remarried, this
Speaker 1: time to widow named Anna Holdeman in eighteen sixty eight.
Speaker 1: So they were really an educated, affluent family. And Jane
Speaker 1: was born with this final defect, which was corrected resurgery
Speaker 1: when she was quite young. But her health throughout her
Speaker 1: life was often poor. She didn't really uh enjoy robust
Speaker 1: good health. She started college at Rockford Female Seminary in
Speaker 1: eighteen seventy seven. She served as class president for all
Speaker 1: her four of her years there, and she edited the
Speaker 1: school magazine and served as president of the literary Society.
Speaker 1: She graduated in eighteen eighty one. Uh. And you know,
Speaker 1: just for reference, it was pretty uncommon for the time period,
Speaker 1: even among affluent women to have achieved that. She was
Speaker 1: also the valed Ectorian, and in eighteen eighty two, when
Speaker 1: the school's program became accredited and it became known as
Speaker 1: Rockford College for Women, she became the first person to
Speaker 1: receive its back laureate degree, and today Rockford College for
Speaker 1: Women is Rockford University. And Jane had been raised in
Speaker 1: a Christian household, and her family had instilled in her
Speaker 1: a deep sense of Christian values along with the sense
Speaker 1: of importance of community involvement in the arts, and after graduation,
Speaker 1: she wanted to find a secular way to put all
Speaker 1: of those ideals into practice, rather than becoming a teacher
Speaker 1: or a missionary, and at a time, those were really
Speaker 1: the only two socially acceptable options for an educated woman
Speaker 1: in terms of life work at this point in American history.
Speaker 1: Her only other option really would have been to return
Speaker 1: home and care for family. So, as you might imagine,
Speaker 1: for someone who had gone to college and done so
Speaker 1: very well to have such limited options, this was a
Speaker 1: really frustrating time in her life, and she spent the
Speaker 1: next few years trying to figure out what her path
Speaker 1: would be. So she dabbled a little bit in travel
Speaker 1: and medical study. She actually had to abandon her medical
Speaker 1: study because of her health. She also read extens of
Speaker 1: Lee and sadly was in and out of the hospital
Speaker 1: during this time. This is a period of years of
Speaker 1: soul searching and trying to figure out what she could
Speaker 1: do that would be acceptable for her to do, that
Speaker 1: would also fulfill her Yeah, and finally, while traveling in London,
Speaker 1: it came to her all of these ideas and these
Speaker 1: thoughts and desire she had coalesced into a decision to
Speaker 1: start a social settlement. So let's talk about social settlements
Speaker 1: for a minute. Yes, indeed, they got their start in
Speaker 1: England in the eighteen eighties. The first was Toynbee Hall,
Speaker 1: which was in East London and that actually still exists today.
Speaker 1: And the idea behind them is that educated, middle class
Speaker 1: people who were quite affluent compared to the people in
Speaker 1: the neighborhood surrounding these settlements would move to a more urban,
Speaker 1: lower income area and in doing so they would also
Speaker 1: provide help and service to the people living there. The
Speaker 1: residents of the settlement would stay there anywhere from say
Speaker 1: a year to their entire lives, and they were generally
Speaker 1: motivated by a desire to contribute to the community and
Speaker 1: to try to bridge the gap between the different classes.
Speaker 1: Some of the residents had jobs somewhere else in the city,
Speaker 1: and most of them volunteered their time towards the services
Speaker 1: that the settlement was providing to the neighborhood. So the
Speaker 1: settlement would provide all kinds of support and aid to
Speaker 1: the surrounding community, like classes and childcare and employment help
Speaker 1: and libraries. They also often provided a place for logo
Speaker 1: groups and clubs to meet, So it was a very
Speaker 1: community building endeavor, and it's important to note that it
Speaker 1: wasn't so much about charity. Even though some settlement houses
Speaker 1: did provide things like meals and clothing and shelter, the
Speaker 1: focus was really more um, intellectual and social usually, so
Speaker 1: the houses tried to address the social and cultural and
Speaker 1: intellectual needs of the community. So while other organizations were
Speaker 1: more about people's physical poverty, Hull House and most so
Speaker 1: their social settlements were really about addressing spiritual and intellectual poverty.
Speaker 1: So it was really improvement of a different kind. So
Speaker 1: the overall approach within the settlement movement was not hey,
Speaker 1: lets us rich, smart white people go move somewhere and
Speaker 1: fix all the poor immigrants. Like there were definitely people
Speaker 1: who joined the movement, individual people who had this attitude,
Speaker 1: but really the focus was all about cooperation and community.
Speaker 1: It was about offering support and services while also learning
Speaker 1: from the people in the neighborhood. So it was meant
Speaker 1: to be beneficial for everyone who was involved in it,
Speaker 1: and not sort of this giant effort of of rich
Speaker 1: people to go and fix up the poor people. Writing
Speaker 1: for nonprofit Quarterly, Rick Hohen explains that Hull House quote
Speaker 1: aimed to change the conditions of poor immigrant communities and
Speaker 1: the mindsets of both the poor and the privileged. So
Speaker 1: while some social sudd months were religiously affiliated, Hull House
Speaker 1: was secular, and there were actually more than one hundred
Speaker 1: such houses in the United States by nineteen hundred, and
Speaker 1: more than four hundred by the time World War One started.
Speaker 1: They declined a little bit after the First World War
Speaker 1: and the Great Depression, and while there are still active
Speaker 1: settlement houses today, community centers and other philanthropic organizations are
Speaker 1: really much more common. Along with Ellen Gates, Star Jane
Speaker 1: founded Hull House in Chicago's Near West Side in eighteen
Speaker 1: ninety nine, this was a really poor and rough neighborhood.
Speaker 1: Hull House was the second settlement house in the United States,
Speaker 1: and it became one of the most influential, if not
Speaker 1: the most influential, in the world. Ellen Star actually lived
Speaker 1: there for nearly thirty years, and she was particularly active
Speaker 1: in the Hull House's art programs. Jane lived there as well,
Speaker 1: although travel and her health took her to many other
Speaker 1: places as well, particularly in her later years. Later on,
Speaker 1: she also stayed with Mary Roseate Smith, who was a
Speaker 1: Hull House donor and volunteer. Most biographies described Mary and
Speaker 1: Jane as companions or romantic friends, or describe their relationship
Speaker 1: as a Boston marriage, which was sort of a word
Speaker 1: for two women that owned a home together without men
Speaker 1: there and Ellen and Jane had visited Toynbee Hall while
Speaker 1: they were on a trip to London, and they decided
Speaker 1: to follow a similar model for their settlement in Chicago.
Speaker 1: Her goal was, in Jane's words quote, to provide a
Speaker 1: center for a higher civic and social life, to institute
Speaker 1: and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises, and to investigate and
Speaker 1: improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago. They
Speaker 1: started by renting an abandoned mansion that had been built
Speaker 1: by Charles G. Hull in eighteen fifty six, although when
Speaker 1: their landlord, Helen Culver, learned what they were up to there,
Speaker 1: she stopped collecting the rent and eventually just gave the
Speaker 1: building to them. That in Dever was largely self funded
Speaker 1: through Jane's own inheritance her father had passed away in
Speaker 1: eighty one and left her some money, and then later
Speaker 1: it was funded through donations and then much later through
Speaker 1: government funding, and it was staffed by volunteers, usually the
Speaker 1: people living in a settlement house, where natives of the
Speaker 1: country where the settlement house was located, and then often
Speaker 1: the surrounding community had a really heavily immigrant population. When
Speaker 1: it was founded, Hull Houses neighborhood was densely populated and
Speaker 1: really low income, and it was largely made up of
Speaker 1: impoverished immigrants from various European nations, including Italy and Greece.
Speaker 1: Later on in the twenties, African Americans and Mexicans also
Speaker 1: started to move into the neighborhood. One of Hull House's
Speaker 1: first programs was actually a kindergarten uh and that was
Speaker 1: followed by a daycare for infants and young children, and
Speaker 1: then clubs for older children, and then classes and lectures
Speaker 1: for adults. So they almost sort of started early and
Speaker 1: then through it into older or not older age, but
Speaker 1: aged up program. Yeah, it's scope kept getting broader and
Speaker 1: broader as they went along. Yeah, and the classes eventually
Speaker 1: included college level courses, and there was a really big
Speaker 1: focus on civics and civic duty. Within two years, Hull
Speaker 1: House was seeing two thousand people a week. That's a lot.
Speaker 1: It's a lot of coming through a community house, well,
Speaker 1: especially considering that there were never more than say, twenty
Speaker 1: people living there as residents. To do all this work
Speaker 1: at a given time, that's a lot of work. But
Speaker 1: Hull House continued to grow. Eventually it comprised thirteen different
Speaker 1: buildings and it took up half a city block, and
Speaker 1: its first additional building was actually an art gallery, and
Speaker 1: it also came to house, among other things, a library
Speaker 1: and art studio, a music school, and an employment bureau.
Speaker 1: Hull House also created the first public playground, gymnasium, and
Speaker 1: swimming pool in Chicago. Hull House started out as really
Speaker 1: a social and intellectual resource for the impoverished immigrant and
Speaker 1: African American population of Chicago. But it grew into an
Speaker 1: advocacy in lobbying organization fighting for labor reform, social reform,
Speaker 1: and a variety of other progressive causes, including legal protections
Speaker 1: for women, children, and the poor and other really disadvantaged
Speaker 1: persons and groups. So rattling off all of the specific
Speaker 1: legislation that hull House was part of would make this
Speaker 1: into a long list podcast. It would just be like
Speaker 1: bills and dates. But to sum it up, hull House
Speaker 1: was really about protecting people and improving quality of life,
Speaker 1: and that could reach into sanitation, working conditions, health care,
Speaker 1: or even legal protections for at risk populations. For example,
Speaker 1: a hull House actually helped to create the first juvenile
Speaker 1: court in the US, and their efforts contributed to legal
Speaker 1: protections for women and children in Illinois in as well
Speaker 1: as the establishment of a federal Children's Bureau in nine
Speaker 1: and then also the passage of a federal child labor
Speaker 1: law in nineteen six. Those are all pretty huge accomplishments,
Speaker 1: especially given how little there was just not a let
Speaker 1: a lot of legislation in place at that time. Like
Speaker 1: a lot of the really scary working conditions stories that
Speaker 1: you hear about in history come from before that era,
Speaker 1: when there was really not any kind of accountability in
Speaker 1: place at all for the way businesses approached the health
Speaker 1: and safety of their workers. So Hull House attracted a
Speaker 1: lot of really notable residents and volunteers, and a lot
Speaker 1: of them moved on into other progressive era advocacy work
Speaker 1: of their own. It became kind of an incubator for
Speaker 1: other progressive reformers, especially women. And so we're going to
Speaker 1: kind of tick through some of the really notable examples
Speaker 1: and a couple of notes of their accomplishments. Florence Kelly
Speaker 1: moved to New York's Henry Street Settlement and helped found
Speaker 1: the Children's Bureau of the Federal Department of Labor. Julia
Speaker 1: Lathrop was the first head of the Children's Bureau and
Speaker 1: the first woman to head a federal agency. She helped
Speaker 1: get federal funding for healthcare programs for infants and mothers
Speaker 1: under the Shepherd Town or Maternity and Infancy Act. Alice
Speaker 1: Hamilton's worked extensively on the issue of lead poisoning, which
Speaker 1: led to improved safety standards. She also became an investigator
Speaker 1: for the U. S Bureau of labor and was the
Speaker 1: first woman to be on the faculty at Harvard. Sophie
Speaker 1: and Isabel Breckinridge, who was the first woman to get
Speaker 1: a PhD in political science from the University of Chicago
Speaker 1: and the first woman to graduate from its law school,
Speaker 1: helped found the Chicago Women's Trade Union League and the
Speaker 1: Chicago chapter of the n double a CP. She also
Speaker 1: wrote really prolifically about social work. Grace and Edith Abbott
Speaker 1: were sisters that were involved, and Grace was the first
Speaker 1: director of the Immigrants Protective League and actually held that
Speaker 1: position or nine years. Edith served as president of the
Speaker 1: National Conference of Social Work and the American Association of
Speaker 1: Schools of Social Work. So as a family they really
Speaker 1: achieved a great deal right well, and the whole of
Speaker 1: Hull House. It continued to operate in this way for
Speaker 1: several more years, and and it sort of can be
Speaker 1: summed up as simultaneously providing actual assistance and resources to
Speaker 1: this community of impoverished people and trying to work for
Speaker 1: the greater good of other threatened populations through the rest
Speaker 1: of the United States. Um and that continued to be
Speaker 1: the case for many many years. Hull House actually existed
Speaker 1: until its mission and its structure changed pretty significantly between
Speaker 1: the twenties, which was the peak of the settlement movement
Speaker 1: UH and the year before when we're recording this, when
Speaker 1: it closed and Jane Adams actually died of cancer in
Speaker 1: She had been ill for quite some time, so she
Speaker 1: had a dually given up various aspects of her work
Speaker 1: in leading Hull House and handed them over to other
Speaker 1: people because she had been so devoted to the House
Speaker 1: and to other progressive causes that it came to exemplify
Speaker 1: she left really enormous shoes to fill. And during her
Speaker 1: life Jane had been head Resident and she was in
Speaker 1: control over the board, and after her death these duties
Speaker 1: fell to two different people. Adina miller Rich became head
Speaker 1: Resident and Louise to Covid Bowen became head of the
Speaker 1: Board of Trustees. These two disagreed frequently and very passionately,
Speaker 1: until Adina finally resigned. The Head Residents who came after
Speaker 1: her seemed less dedicated to Jane's ideas of social progress
Speaker 1: and more about seeing to the needs of the immediate community,
Speaker 1: and it gradually became less of an advocacy organization and
Speaker 1: more of a practical The focus shifted a little closer
Speaker 1: to home in all of its operations. Hull House gradually
Speaker 1: became more like a typical nonp fit that you would
Speaker 1: see today. It moved from an almost entirely volunteer staff
Speaker 1: to one that was largely paid and supplemented with volunteers.
Speaker 1: In nineteen sixty one, the Hull House buildings were to
Speaker 1: be demolished for University of Illinois campus, resulting in protests.
Speaker 1: Two years later, the trustees of Hull House made plans
Speaker 1: to decentralize its services. The original Hull mansion and dining
Speaker 1: hall actually became museums, but the rest of the buildings
Speaker 1: were finally demolished to make way for the university. At
Speaker 1: this point, Hull House became the Hull House Association, with
Speaker 1: its programs and its resources spread out to different community
Speaker 1: and neighborhood centers around Chicago. This decentralization was really also
Speaker 1: a massive shift in how Hull House worked and how
Speaker 1: it needed to manage its money, which was operationally hard
Speaker 1: to manage, and it didn't do it entirely successfully. By
Speaker 1: nineteen sixty nine, it had an operational deficit of two
Speaker 1: million dollar dollars. The various sites actually wound up competing
Speaker 1: with one another for support, and by nineteen eighty five
Speaker 1: it was operating from twenty nine different sites around Chicago,
Speaker 1: many of which were drawing from the same basic pool
Speaker 1: of donation resources, so it was tight. It was kind
Speaker 1: of a zero sum game. Yeah, they weren't helping themselves.
Speaker 1: In ninete, in an attempt to close this gap and
Speaker 1: make sure it would just be able to continue to operate,
Speaker 1: Hull House scaled its focus way back, started working primarily
Speaker 1: on foster care, and it dropped a lot of the
Speaker 1: programs that were related to employment and culture and the
Speaker 1: other services that had been part of its original mission.
Speaker 1: And then in two thousand nine, it really started aggressively
Speaker 1: cutting costs, including the employee pension plan UH. It also
Speaker 1: loosened restrictions on its endowment so that the organization could
Speaker 1: use some of that money towards other purposes. But on
Speaker 1: January nine, the leadership of Hull House announced that it
Speaker 1: was closing and declaring bankruptcy following a decline in government funding.
Speaker 1: In spite of efforts to bring in more private donors,
Speaker 1: it was by that point getting as much as eighty
Speaker 1: five of its funds from the governments This is a
Speaker 1: complete shift from when it was founded and was entirely
Speaker 1: funded by Jane adams uh inheritance and the work of donors.
Speaker 1: Hull House tried to raise enough money from donors to
Speaker 1: stay open, but it just wasn't able to do it.
Speaker 1: A week after the announcement, Hull House ceased operations and
Speaker 1: laid off its entire staff of three hundred people, and
Speaker 1: that put an end to a hundred and twenty three
Speaker 1: years of operation. And of course, there was a lot
Speaker 1: of speculation about what Jane would have thought about Hull
Speaker 1: House closing, and opinions on that front are kind of divided,
Speaker 1: but there's a general consensus that given her history of
Speaker 1: advocating for labor rights, she would have been organizing the
Speaker 1: pro the employees who lost their job, who really were
Speaker 1: given almost no notice and didn't get any kind of
Speaker 1: severance and protest. There's now a Jane Adams Hull House Museum,
Speaker 1: which is built on the original Hull House site in
Speaker 1: the whole home and the residents dining Hall. They have
Speaker 1: a really impressive website that includes all kinds of stuff
Speaker 1: about the museum and about her and about the Hull
Speaker 1: House and all of that. Very cool. There are also
Speaker 1: still settlement houses today, although many of them are non residential.
Speaker 1: They sort of have the name, but but not the
Speaker 1: function the same way and not the part where a
Speaker 1: person was actually relocating to a community that was in need.
Speaker 1: At least in the United States, community and neighborhood centers
Speaker 1: have become a lot more common way of getting those
Speaker 1: same sorts of resources into a community. So that is uh,
Speaker 1: Jane Adams Hull House years, that element of her life.
Speaker 1: In the next episode, we will talk about all of
Speaker 1: that other stuff that Jane Adams did, because there was
Speaker 1: really a lot of it. This is one of those
Speaker 1: situations where we feel like we could have recorded eight
Speaker 1: different episodes. Yeah, a really long series on Jane Adams.
Speaker 1: If ever there were a historical figure that will make
Speaker 1: you feel lazy, it's a Jane Adam, So you will
Speaker 1: move to that next. Yes, I also have some listener
Speaker 1: my own, please share. So this is from Bill, and
Speaker 1: Bill says hello, Tracy and Holly. He talks about how
Speaker 1: he's been listening for more than a year, and he
Speaker 1: talks about several of our episodes. So he says, first
Speaker 1: of all, I just listened to the ice Cream Podcast
Speaker 1: While you did talk about the rise of ice cream
Speaker 1: is a popular American food, you seem a little uncertain
Speaker 1: as to why it has become such an American phenomenon
Speaker 1: in the last century or two. I was initially puzzled
Speaker 1: by this as I was listening to the podcast while
Speaker 1: driving through rural northern Japan, and I passed several ice
Speaker 1: cream shops and farms advertising homemade ice cream along the way.
Speaker 1: I know, I'm just thinking about that makes me glad
Speaker 1: that lunch is not too far away, he goes on
Speaker 1: to say. But as I thought about it, an explanation
Speaker 1: came to me milk prices. I live in Hokkaido, which
Speaker 1: is basically Japan's dairy land. Even so, milk costs about
Speaker 1: two yen a leader just about seven dollars and fifty
Speaker 1: cents a gallon here. My sister, who lives in a
Speaker 1: similarly rural town in Ohio, says that it is about
Speaker 1: two and a half times what they pay for milk
Speaker 1: at the grocery store. Other dairy products like butter and
Speaker 1: cheese are similarly expensive here, even though they're made locally
Speaker 1: and shipped to the rest of Japan. America has a
Speaker 1: huge dairy industry, leading to lower prices on all dairy products,
Speaker 1: ice cream included. In the case of countries like Japan
Speaker 1: and China, they don't have as extensive of a dairy tradition,
Speaker 1: while most countries with longer ice cream traditions don't have
Speaker 1: the space for cattle farming necessary to bring prices so low.
Speaker 1: So basically, Bill is theorizing of the reason the reason
Speaker 1: ice cream is such an American pastime for eating because
Speaker 1: we have so much milk. That makes so much sense.
Speaker 1: I hadn't thought about it from the economic versus sort
Speaker 1: of just general cultural right, but right makes complete sense. Well,
Speaker 1: And we also got a note from another listener who
Speaker 1: talked about how we didn't really go into the idea
Speaker 1: of the soda fountain as sort of a place to
Speaker 1: hang out in community. Um, which I think we might
Speaker 1: have touched on tangentially. But yeah, that also played a
Speaker 1: role in the world of ice cream. Uh So, Bill
Speaker 1: goes on to say, my year old comment is related
Speaker 1: to the ten Historical Hoaxes episode recorded by your predecessors.
Speaker 1: One of those hoaxes was the newer Coli Stones, which,
Speaker 1: regardless of their status as a hoax, are an interesting
Speaker 1: historical tale in and of themselves. When they finished that
Speaker 1: story on the podcast, they mentioned that the stones were
Speaker 1: currently located in the Johnson Hummer House Museum in Ohio.
Speaker 1: I was so disappointed that they left out the city
Speaker 1: that the museum is in, my hometown, Coshakton. It's a
Speaker 1: very small city, barely qualifying for the title based on
Speaker 1: its population just there were the ten thousand mark, and
Speaker 1: it's actually quite rural, considering that the nearest larger city
Speaker 1: is a forty five minute drive away, and the nearest
Speaker 1: city you've probably heard of is ninety minutes away. All
Speaker 1: that considered, I would have been overjoyed to hear my
Speaker 1: humble little hometown mentioned in a podcast I listened to you.
Speaker 1: I had planned to write in but kept putting it off. Well,
Speaker 1: now it happens, I know. Fast forward a year or
Speaker 1: so to your podcast about Johnny apple Seed and your
Speaker 1: reply to one of the listener males you read. You
Speaker 1: mentioned a book on the history of Coshakton County with
Speaker 1: an impressively long title as one of your major sources
Speaker 1: for the podcast. Finally, my little corner of nowhere got
Speaker 1: its brief moment in the sun. Thank you so much
Speaker 1: for that, and it's really a strange feeling to hear
Speaker 1: my hometown mentioned by anybody who wasn't born there. Kind
Speaker 1: of goes on to talk about some podcast suggestions which
Speaker 1: we will save in case we want to surprise people
Speaker 1: with them later, and then says, thanks for making my
Speaker 1: daily commute interesting and educational. So thank you so much. Bill. Yeah,
Speaker 1: lots of interesting insights and thoughts. I love it. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it kind of reminds me of uh, I like, I
Speaker 1: like how people find such comfort in hearing their place. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's a little connection mentioned somewhere. If you would like
Speaker 1: to write to us about this or any other podcast,
Speaker 1: you can at History Podcast at Discovery dot com. We're
Speaker 1: also on Facebook at facebook dot com slash history class
Speaker 1: stuff and on Twitter at misston History. Are tumbler is
Speaker 1: at mist in history dot tumbler dot com, and we've
Speaker 1: been putting away on Pinterest. If you want to learn
Speaker 1: a little more about some of what we've talked about today,
Speaker 1: you can go to our website and search for the
Speaker 1: word philanthropy and you will find how philanthropy works. You
Speaker 1: can learn about that and so much more at our website,
Speaker 1: which is how stuff Works dot com for more on
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