Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in history class from how
Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast.
Speaker 1: I'm Sarah Dowdy and I'm Deblina Chocolate Boarding. And just
Speaker 1: a few weeks ago we talked about the Bioux Tapestry,
Speaker 1: which is, of course the embroidered record of the Norman conquest,
Speaker 1: a really great piece of art, but also important if
Speaker 1: you're trying to see what the Norman conquest the Battle
Speaker 1: of Hastings actually looked like. So the Tapestry, though, leaves
Speaker 1: off after the battle is over, right after William the
Speaker 1: Conqueror is crowned King of England. But for our story today,
Speaker 1: we're gonna pick up right There are really a generation
Speaker 1: after when William's son Henry, the first face this sudden
Speaker 1: succession crisis after a dynasty ending shipwreck, and from there
Speaker 1: a story really collapses into anarchy and battles between queens
Speaker 1: and escapes over Frozen River is before a new family
Speaker 1: comes into power. You might have heard of them if
Speaker 1: you're a regular listener, because we have done episodes on
Speaker 1: many of their family members, the Plantagenets, of course. But
Speaker 1: just a note before we start, prepare yourself for some
Speaker 1: serious name confusion because not only do we have two
Speaker 1: kings named Henry and one is that not the case really,
Speaker 1: but pretty much every woman in the story is named Matilda,
Speaker 1: and I've chosen to leave a lot of the Matilda's out.
Speaker 1: Just know that there are more. If you choose to
Speaker 1: research this yourself, there will be even more Matilda's free
Speaker 1: to find. But starting where we left off with the
Speaker 1: biou Tapestry episode, William the Conqueror was pretty well stopped
Speaker 1: in terms of sons. He didn't have any sort of
Speaker 1: inheritance problem looming, it seemed, but surprisingly, after one son
Speaker 1: was gored to death by a boar and another was
Speaker 1: imprisoned in this major case of sibling rivalry, it was
Speaker 1: the youngest son named Henry who became King of England
Speaker 1: and eventually the Duke of Normandy. So a little twist
Speaker 1: there early on, and who inherits the throne and that
Speaker 1: wasn't too bad. Henry proved to be a tough but
Speaker 1: powerful king who enforced peace in his lands. He didn't
Speaker 1: always jump to war and expansion, instead preferring to focus
Speaker 1: on negotiations and consolidating power where he already had it.
Speaker 1: He also had a lot of kids, except most of
Speaker 1: them were illegitimate kids. He seriously had about twenty five
Speaker 1: a legitimate Matilda too, and his wife was also named Matilda,
Speaker 1: and she was a descendant of the old line of
Speaker 1: English kings. And he had three legitimate children with her
Speaker 1: who lived past childhood, and that was his daughter Adelaide,
Speaker 1: who was later called Matilda, who's the one to focus on.
Speaker 1: He had a son named William and a son named Richard.
Speaker 1: So young William, who was of course the heir to
Speaker 1: the throne, seemed like a really promising future king, largely
Speaker 1: because he combined the Norman and the Saxon bloodline, so
Speaker 1: he was a grandson of the Conqueror through his father,
Speaker 1: but he was also a descendant of the ancient line
Speaker 1: of kings through his mother. And in eleven nineteen, at
Speaker 1: the age of seventeen, his future really started to look
Speaker 1: even brighter. He accompanied his father on a successful campaign
Speaker 1: through the continent. He helped him to defeat Louis the Six,
Speaker 1: who was also known as Louis the Fat, and he
Speaker 1: proved to be a very strong and a brave soldier
Speaker 1: even at this young age. He was also married during
Speaker 1: this trip to the daughter of the Count of Anjou,
Speaker 1: hopefully with that alliance eliminating this long term rivalry between
Speaker 1: Normandy and Anjou. So in general it was a pretty
Speaker 1: successful trip to Normandy for both father and son. But
Speaker 1: by November eleven twenty, the royal party was ready to
Speaker 1: depart from Normandy from the port of bar Floor and
Speaker 1: sail home to England. But dr bar Floor was a
Speaker 1: shiny new vessel, the state of the art White Ship,
Speaker 1: which had fifty oarsmen and room for more than three
Speaker 1: hundred passengers, a really large ship at a time, so
Speaker 1: it's naturally offered to the King as a means of
Speaker 1: transportation home, except he already has his own travel plans
Speaker 1: already worked out, and he suggests that it would make
Speaker 1: a nice treat for his son, William instead. So November
Speaker 1: twenty William, along with the cream of Norman and English youth,
Speaker 1: board the ship. There are three hundred passengers total, including
Speaker 1: one hundred forty nights and eighteen noble women, including William's
Speaker 1: brother Richard, William's half brother Richard and half sister Matilda
Speaker 1: who's the Countess of Persh his cousins, including Stephen of Blois,
Speaker 1: who did some barks after about of diarrhea, the nephew
Speaker 1: of Emperor Heinrich the Fifth, and many of the young
Speaker 1: heirs of the great Norman and English estates, so a
Speaker 1: lot of important kids, yeah, I saw one. One source
Speaker 1: described them as the bright young people of the age,
Speaker 1: just the cream of society. So naturally, with all of
Speaker 1: the aristocratic youth on a ship of their own with
Speaker 1: none of their parents on board, it's party time, and
Speaker 1: William has casks of wine brought on board, and soon
Speaker 1: enough both the passengers and the crew are drunk when
Speaker 1: they finally set off, though William, in some sort of
Speaker 1: youthful competitive behavior with his father, encourages the drunk ships
Speaker 1: master to catch up with Henry, the first vessel, even
Speaker 1: though Henry hadn't waited along while the youths partied down
Speaker 1: their ship. He had gone ahead and and sailed on.
Speaker 1: But William wants to be the first to arrive in England,
Speaker 1: so the white ship takes off way too fast, obviously
Speaker 1: with a drunk crew not being manned very well, and
Speaker 1: it runs into a rock and capsizes, and William is
Speaker 1: quickly rushed to safety by his bodyguard and put aboard
Speaker 1: a small rescue ship, but as far as the story goes,
Speaker 1: he insists on going back because he hears his half
Speaker 1: sister crying for him, and he has the ship rowed
Speaker 1: back to the side of the accident, and there are
Speaker 1: so many people in the water who are struggling to
Speaker 1: not drowned that they pulled the ship down, and almost
Speaker 1: everyone aboard the White Ship ends up dying, even though
Speaker 1: it's it's right off the shore. Apparently people on land
Speaker 1: could hear the cries but thought it was just more
Speaker 1: drunken revelry going on. So Henry the first line is
Speaker 1: wiped out and this one go. Four kids dead, no
Speaker 1: male heirs, and his second marriage bears no children, so
Speaker 1: he's left having to support his only remaining legitimate child, Adelaide,
Speaker 1: now called Matilda, who he finally names his air Christmas Eve.
Speaker 1: So we're gonna backtrack a little for Matilda to to
Speaker 1: catch you up with what she's been doing, since she
Speaker 1: obviously wasn't their normandy with the rest of her family
Speaker 1: when they were sailing aboard the White Ship. She's been busy.
Speaker 1: She has been busy since she was a small child.
Speaker 1: In fact, she was born in eleven oh two, but
Speaker 1: she had spent much of her life in Germany, where
Speaker 1: she had been sent at about age seven to the
Speaker 1: court of her future husband, who was the Holy Roman
Speaker 1: Emperor Heinrich the Fifth. And sometimes he's called Henry the fifth,
Speaker 1: but just to eliminate at least one extra Henry from
Speaker 1: the story, we're gonna call him Heinrich. So Heinrich was
Speaker 1: thirty years Matilda's senior um, and when she first arrived
Speaker 1: as a child, he immediately sent home all of her
Speaker 1: English attendants and really trained her up to follow German customs.
Speaker 1: Some people said that Matilda was more German than she
Speaker 1: was English or Norman. But as a teen she impressed
Speaker 1: her husband with her level headedness. She seemed like a
Speaker 1: really smart girl and and had the makings of a
Speaker 1: strong ruler. She even acted as his representative in Italy
Speaker 1: for a time when she's only about sixteen or seventeen
Speaker 1: years old. So she she was having a successful career
Speaker 1: as the wife of the emperor. But they don't have
Speaker 1: any children. So when Heinrich dies in May five, he
Speaker 1: places the scepter in her hands. And as he said,
Speaker 1: she was really popular in Germany, so she's probably interested
Speaker 1: in staying there too. She's doing very well, but her
Speaker 1: father clearly has other plans for her, and he summons
Speaker 1: her back to his court, naming her his heir and
Speaker 1: makes his barons swear an oath of allegiance to her.
Speaker 1: Part of the deal, though, as kind of a way
Speaker 1: to placate the barons with this unconventional arrangement of having
Speaker 1: a female air, was a promise by Henry the first
Speaker 1: that Matilda wouldn't remarry anyone outside of the land without
Speaker 1: the baron's permission, which essentially means, well, she'll marry one
Speaker 1: of you guys, which sounds appealing to any baron present, probably,
Speaker 1: but that is not Henry's intention at all. He marries
Speaker 1: Matilda almost immediately to be very unpopular Jeffrey Plantagenet, who
Speaker 1: is the son of the Count of Anjou and Anjou,
Speaker 1: as we mentioned earlier, is a long time Norman rival,
Speaker 1: so the barons aren't really happy with that aspect of it.
Speaker 1: And also Jeffrey is only fifteen years old and he
Speaker 1: doesn't really seem to get on very well with Matilda,
Speaker 1: so it seems like things are already sort of falling
Speaker 1: apart with this new female air and Henry trying to
Speaker 1: get the barons behind him. But when the couple has
Speaker 1: their first son, also named Henry, in eleven thirty three,
Speaker 1: and quickly follow that with two more sons, it seems
Speaker 1: like maybe maybe it'll work out. Maybe the crown could
Speaker 1: pass to Matilda and then to her son, maybe even
Speaker 1: bypass Matilda if the sun gets old enough, something a
Speaker 1: little more conventional. So Henry has everyone swear an oath again.
Speaker 1: Actually it's the third oath at this point, just for
Speaker 1: good measure, to make sure that everyone is on board
Speaker 1: with this plan that they have going. Among those swearing
Speaker 1: to uphold Matilda's claim was Henry's favorite nephew, Stephen of
Speaker 1: Blah and Stephen is an interesting person in his own right.
Speaker 1: Through his wife Matilda of Boulogne, Stephen also controlled her lands,
Speaker 1: conveniently one of the fastest routes to the Channel and
Speaker 1: to England. And this is really a crucial point because
Speaker 1: in eleven five Henry dies, Henry the first that is,
Speaker 1: and his daughter and air Matilda was not in England
Speaker 1: or in Normandy to stake her claim. She wasn't on
Speaker 1: jew with her husband, so while she quickly returned to Normandy,
Speaker 1: Stephen made a move to England and claimed the throne
Speaker 1: for himself. He got there first, essentially, and once he
Speaker 1: got there he got popular approval. After all, it seemed
Speaker 1: to a lot of people that a usurper was better
Speaker 1: than having a woman ruler. And he had some influential
Speaker 1: supporters too. He had an ambitious brother who was Bishop
Speaker 1: of Winchester, and he had some personal attributes that were
Speaker 1: compelling to He was a good soldier, he was very pious.
Speaker 1: So Stephen was crowned king on December thirty five. But
Speaker 1: after a few years certain flaws in Stephen's ruling ability
Speaker 1: started to show. He wasn't very smart politically, and he
Speaker 1: lost a lot of his support, including that of Robert,
Speaker 1: Earl of Gloucester, who was Henry the first eldest illegitimate sign.
Speaker 1: Robert's moved to support his half sister proved to be
Speaker 1: pretty vital for Matilda's own cause and really crucial to
Speaker 1: her landing in England that finally happened in eleven nine. Yeah,
Speaker 1: so she lands in England in eleven thirty nine, and
Speaker 1: this starts nineteen summers and winters of war. This period
Speaker 1: is often called the anarchy, but it was more like
Speaker 1: a civil war. Or a battle for succession the Peterborough Chronicle,
Speaker 1: or famously called at the time when Christ and the
Speaker 1: Saints Slept. However, it could have been over almost from
Speaker 1: the start, almost as soon as it began, since when
Speaker 1: Matilda arrived in England, she went to Arndel Castle directly,
Speaker 1: which was the home of her stepmother and her stepmother's
Speaker 1: new husband, one of Stephen's supporters. So Stephen quickly marches
Speaker 1: to the castle, but instead of capturing Matilda, he allows
Speaker 1: her to go and meet up with Robert and Bristol.
Speaker 1: Seems like a pretty chivalrous move, right it does, But
Speaker 1: it's one that Stephen felt like he really had to
Speaker 1: make because at this point Matilda had an out and
Speaker 1: out declared herself as somebody who was trying to get
Speaker 1: back her birthright. He felt like if she hadn't declared
Speaker 1: that he didn't really have a right to take her prisoner.
Speaker 1: But it turns out to be a bad move on
Speaker 1: Steven's part. It does because by one the tides turn
Speaker 1: again and Stephen himself is captured in battle at the
Speaker 1: Battle of Lincoln in February, and Matilda is not so
Speaker 1: nice to him. He has put in leg Irons and
Speaker 1: detained in Bristol. And so with the king in her pocket,
Speaker 1: Matilda is now at this point ready to call herself queen. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and and it seems like she really is all lined
Speaker 1: up to become queen. A clerical counsel at Winchester elects
Speaker 1: her quote Lady of English in April. That's a good
Speaker 1: first step. She starts planning her coronation at Westminster. But
Speaker 1: she's a bit overconfident because even though she has really
Speaker 1: strong Western allegiance, the Archbishop of Canterbury doesn't recognize her.
Speaker 1: Even the Pope doesn't recognize her. Plus her people skill
Speaker 1: seemed to be just about as bad as Stevens. She
Speaker 1: really went around making a lot of enemies leading up
Speaker 1: to her coronation. She took her title before she was crowned.
Speaker 1: She started confiscating lands and honors. She didn't hear appeals
Speaker 1: from Steven's wife, from his brother, from his children, and
Speaker 1: she rejected petitions to from the citizens of London for
Speaker 1: a return to King Edward's laws and instead tax Making
Speaker 1: enemies with the citizens of London not usually a good idea,
Speaker 1: But what you'll find in sources most often is that
Speaker 1: Matilda offended the barons with her haughtiness, and that word
Speaker 1: is really used in almost every single source. You see
Speaker 1: it over and over and over again. And if you
Speaker 1: think about it, she's been an empress since she was
Speaker 1: under ten, so she probably was pretty haughty. But it
Speaker 1: makes you think too, a little bit about how that
Speaker 1: word is applied to a queen versus Stephen. I mean,
Speaker 1: he's just coming and taken this threat, and that's pretty haughty,
Speaker 1: and in its own that's true. But Matilda isn't crowned yet,
Speaker 1: and she had other problems too, besides just her attitude
Speaker 1: that people didn't like. Stephen's wife. Matilda of Boulogne wasn't
Speaker 1: about to let her own son's claims turn to dust
Speaker 1: just because her husband was imprisoned. So before Empress Matilda
Speaker 1: could even be crowned, the other Matilda raises an army
Speaker 1: and threatened the city of London with it Matilda versus Matilda.
Speaker 1: But the people of London, they don't want to play
Speaker 1: at all. They also rose up against their almost Queen
Speaker 1: Matilda and drove her from town, so things really got
Speaker 1: worse for Empress Matilda from there. While attacking Winchester, Matilda's
Speaker 1: brother Robert was captured, and when she retreated to Western England,
Speaker 1: she was so tired that she had to be carried
Speaker 1: on a leader, which led to this crazy story about
Speaker 1: her being carried in a coffin or on some sort
Speaker 1: of funeral palette, which is not true. She was just exhausted,
Speaker 1: and eventually, because Robert was captured, she had to give
Speaker 1: up her main prize, King Stephen, in exchange for him.
Speaker 1: And this prisoner exchange was really just that it didn't
Speaker 1: put an end. It wasn't any kind of treaty, it
Speaker 1: wasn't any kind of truth. Both parties were free to
Speaker 1: go on fighting. They each just had probably their most
Speaker 1: powerful players back, and by eleven forty two of freed
Speaker 1: and strengthened Stephen attacks Matilda and Oxford Castle, and this
Speaker 1: time he is not letting her go. No chivalry. Here. Matilda,
Speaker 1: dressed in white and escorted by some of her most
Speaker 1: trusted nights, escapes during the night over the frozen Thames
Speaker 1: and through the snowy camp of Stephen. By the time
Speaker 1: the siege falls, they realized that she's gone. That's probably
Speaker 1: the most romantic story associated with Matilda and daring story too,
Speaker 1: but the game was really up. By then, Matilda retreated
Speaker 1: to her stronghold for a time she minted her own coins.
Speaker 1: Even so, she was still trying to hang in there.
Speaker 1: But Robert's death in eleven seven meant that her battle
Speaker 1: with Stephen was essentially over. But Matilda's son, Henry, was
Speaker 1: almost grown by this point was ready to assert his
Speaker 1: own claim, so he made a few expeditions to England,
Speaker 1: making allies making friends eleven seven and again in eleven
Speaker 1: forty nine. He allied himself with Scotland while he was
Speaker 1: at it, and then in eleven fifty three he reappeared
Speaker 1: to finally fight with Stephen's army. Later that year, the
Speaker 1: two armies met again at Wallingford Castle, but this time
Speaker 1: something really extraordinary and really out of the blue happen. Yeah,
Speaker 1: the armies refused to fight. Since the late eleven forties,
Speaker 1: English magnets had started negotiating on how to end this
Speaker 1: drawn out battle for succession, they were over it, yeah, exactly.
Speaker 1: By eleven fifty three, they had clearly had enough, and
Speaker 1: they forced Stephen and Henry to come to an arrangement.
Speaker 1: Stephen will rule the rest of his life, but passed
Speaker 1: the throne to Henry, and this was all made a
Speaker 1: lot easier when Steven's eldest son used to dies that
Speaker 1: same year, so there's really no competition for Henry at
Speaker 1: that point. Stephen himself died only one year later, leaving
Speaker 1: Henry the second to rule for thirty five years. He
Speaker 1: of course married Eleanor of Aquitaine, and founded the Plantagenet
Speaker 1: family that ruled for more than three hundred years. Matilda
Speaker 1: live for a few more years herself, though, into her sixties,
Speaker 1: and even though she was pretty unpopular back in England,
Speaker 1: she was very popular in Normandy as the mother of
Speaker 1: the king. She's credited as helping to balance Henry the
Speaker 1: seconds temper in those early years of his rule. Even
Speaker 1: though the English, because of their dislike for Matilda, were
Speaker 1: still a little suspicious of this influence. They didn't exactly
Speaker 1: like the idea of Matilda pulling a few strings with
Speaker 1: their kings. Still, and another interesting fact that we've got
Speaker 1: to mention about Matilda she was exhumed, and she was
Speaker 1: in fact exhumed so many times that to go through
Speaker 1: the list would maybe be a little bit boring. I
Speaker 1: mean to give you, I can't imagine an exhamation being boring. Well,
Speaker 1: I don't know. She was buried and reburied about every
Speaker 1: two hundred years, if you Okay, maybe that's kind of boring.
Speaker 1: And I didn't really do much. They just moved her
Speaker 1: to different locations around her church would be destroyed or
Speaker 1: something would be sacked. And the most recent exclamation happened
Speaker 1: in eighteen forty six when she was finally relocated to
Speaker 1: the cathedral of Rouma, which is originally where her father
Speaker 1: had wanted her to be buried. She had chosen a
Speaker 1: smaller location, so I guess everything comes full circle in
Speaker 1: the end. Her epitaph reads quote, here lies Henry's daughter,
Speaker 1: wife and mother, great by birth, greater by marriage, but
Speaker 1: greatest by motherhood. And this is kind of an important
Speaker 1: note that we end on right here, because Matilda and
Speaker 1: the anarchy, they certainly damaged the idea of queenship in England.
Speaker 1: I mean this informed the whole Tutor crisis. It really did.
Speaker 1: Of course, now we know that Elizabeth was going to
Speaker 1: be the Great Tutor Queen, and after her we have
Speaker 1: Victoria too, and that sort of changes our perception. But
Speaker 1: at this time and during Tudor times, clearly the idea
Speaker 1: of having another woman queen was really frightening another woman ruler,
Speaker 1: I should say, um, And we've talked about some of
Speaker 1: the English consorts before, which also helped add to this
Speaker 1: idea that a queen was a really bad thing for England.
Speaker 1: But Matilda does get a lot of responsibility for for
Speaker 1: that reputation, although it's interesting if you think about it,
Speaker 1: because she couldn't be entirely dismissed or written off as
Speaker 1: some sort of queen devil by historians because she was
Speaker 1: the mother of the king and future kings were descended
Speaker 1: from him, and therefore also from Matilda was through her
Speaker 1: claim that the kings had their claim to the throne.
Speaker 1: There's actually a new book out too about some of
Speaker 1: those women queens in England called She Wolves by Helen Castor,
Speaker 1: and I read a review of it and an interview
Speaker 1: with the author in History Today where they even had
Speaker 1: a book club upgoing. So I know English queens are
Speaker 1: a favorite of our listeners, and it must be a
Speaker 1: favorite topic in general too for a lot of people
Speaker 1: holds a lot of fascination. But that's all we have
Speaker 1: today on this particular queen or would be queen. And
Speaker 1: now we're going to go to listener mail. So we
Speaker 1: have two emails today on the Ballet Roots episode, and
Speaker 1: the first one is from Matt in Cambridge, Ontario, and
Speaker 1: he wrote that he wanted to add a little tidbit
Speaker 1: to the Right of Spring Riot podcast, and he said,
Speaker 1: I once read an article about the riot and I
Speaker 1: thought it was interesting how well it was so violently
Speaker 1: protested in its day and has since proved its worth
Speaker 1: and made its way into the annals of music history.
Speaker 1: This is exemplified by its inclusion on the Voyager Golden Records.
Speaker 1: There are two gold records on the Voyager spacecraft that
Speaker 1: were launched out into the Cosmos in nineteen seventy seven
Speaker 1: in hopes of making contact with intelligent life. The records
Speaker 1: contained greetings in fifty five languages, samples of natural sounds
Speaker 1: like animals, wind, rushing water, and ninety minutes of music
Speaker 1: including Bach, Mozart and Chuck Berry, and of course the
Speaker 1: Right of Spring. So I thought that was interesting. I've
Speaker 1: heard about the Voyager Golden Records, but I hadn't realized
Speaker 1: that the Rightest Spring was included on them. So our
Speaker 1: next email is from Justin and he was also writing
Speaker 1: about the ballet. He lives in Sydney, Australia, and said
Speaker 1: that there's an interesting Australian connection with the ballet. Said
Speaker 1: when our National Gallery was being commissioned and works were
Speaker 1: being thought to fill it in the late sixties and
Speaker 1: early seventies, a whole set of ballet routs costumes was purchased.
Speaker 1: Even more amazing was the fact that when they arrived
Speaker 1: they were immediately put into storage without even being looked
Speaker 1: at or properly cataloged. Conserved. Fast forward to and these
Speaker 1: great pieces were unearthed, and when the full extent of
Speaker 1: the collection was realized, a major exhibition was planned and organized.
Speaker 1: The thing that I found most amazing about these particular
Speaker 1: costumes is that when they were packed away into their
Speaker 1: trunks for storage, they had literally just come off the dancers,
Speaker 1: and when they were examined, we're shown to have makeup,
Speaker 1: smudges and dirt from the last performance still on them.
Speaker 1: And um I checked. I checked out the National Gallery
Speaker 1: site to take a look at this exhibition. It's really cool.
Speaker 1: You can go there and look at images of the
Speaker 1: costumes and I love costumes anyway, so it was pretty
Speaker 1: fun for me. I definitely recommend that for anyone who
Speaker 1: enjoyed that episode and wants to see some pictures related
Speaker 1: to it. So where is the actual exhibition. It's at
Speaker 1: the National Gallery in Australia and their website is m
Speaker 1: g A dot gov dot au. If you want to look,
Speaker 1: you've got a search from there for the exhibition. It's
Speaker 1: easy to find. So if you want to send us
Speaker 1: any cool links like that, any good suggestions for podcast
Speaker 1: topics or comments on episodes we've already done, please feel
Speaker 1: free to email us at History podcast at how stuff
Speaker 1: works dot com. We're also on Twitter at mist in
Speaker 1: history and you can find us on Facebook. And if
Speaker 1: you just want to learn a little bit more about
Speaker 1: how Royalty works, we have an article by that name
Speaker 1: on our website. You can look it up by visiting
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