Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how
Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
Speaker 1: I'm Fair Dowdy and I'm de Blaine and Chalker Boardy,
Speaker 1: and today we're going to explore a mystery about one
Speaker 1: of the most iconic mystery solvers out there, Sherlock Holmes.
Speaker 1: Holmes being Scottish writer Arthur Conan Doyle's consulting detective, the
Speaker 1: hawk face super sleuth who has always been able to
Speaker 1: somehow use his powers of deduction to solve mysteries and
Speaker 1: always get the bad guys. He always knows what's going on,
Speaker 1: even if he looks like he's in a haze of
Speaker 1: opium or whatnot. I think it was cocaine, but who
Speaker 1: who's counting of cotton. Doyle he wasn't really the first
Speaker 1: to invent the modern detective story, but he did introduce
Speaker 1: this kind of science of detailed observation and classification into it, which,
Speaker 1: as we'll see later, has actually some influence. It's had
Speaker 1: some influence on the field of forensics. Yeah. But even
Speaker 1: if you haven't read any of his writing, you probably
Speaker 1: know the character of Sherlock Holmes. I mean, he's in
Speaker 1: everything you've probably been played Sherlock Holmes as a kid
Speaker 1: like playing detective. But I mean there's mentions in other
Speaker 1: literary works like novels. There's that recent movie starring Robert
Speaker 1: Downey Jr. There's even a new BBC television series which
Speaker 1: I think it kind of modernizes the whole thing. Yeah,
Speaker 1: there's some controversy around these modern takes on homes. Some
Speaker 1: of the true sherlockyans, the fervent Sherlock Holmes fans, don't
Speaker 1: really like the fact that in the new series he's
Speaker 1: using cell phones and text messaging and so forth. But
Speaker 1: you know, these are the times and and this is
Speaker 1: the homes that we have now. But even even though
Speaker 1: Colmes is of such a big part of our consciousness
Speaker 1: and such a big part of pop culture, a lot
Speaker 1: of people probably couldn't tell you if he's real. And
Speaker 1: that's a that's a big question that's out there. And
Speaker 1: if you go on the Internet and you google is
Speaker 1: Sherlock Holmes real, you'll find maybe some different opinions about that.
Speaker 1: Some people think maybe he's based on a real person,
Speaker 1: an actual detective who worked for Scotland Yard. Some people
Speaker 1: think that he's based on Conan Doyle himself, or he's
Speaker 1: completely made up, or he could be just completely fiction,
Speaker 1: and in fact he is fiction, but he was based
Speaker 1: on an actual person. And that's what we're going to
Speaker 1: talk a little bit about today. But before we get
Speaker 1: into that, let's take a minute to take a closer
Speaker 1: look at Doyle and what led him to his homes inspiration. Yeah.
Speaker 1: So Conan Doyle was born May eighteen fifty nine in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Speaker 1: He was the second of a huge family ten kids,
Speaker 1: and his father had a lot of trouble in business
Speaker 1: and life. He was a failed architect. He was an alcoholic.
Speaker 1: But fortunately Conan Doyle's mother nurtured his love of history
Speaker 1: and storytelling, helped him along, you know, helped develop his
Speaker 1: imagination and inspired him to read po and Burne and
Speaker 1: Jonathan Swift. So he was a creative child, yet he
Speaker 1: got an artistic side through his mom. He continued his
Speaker 1: education in England. He had some schooling there and then
Speaker 1: he went to Austria for about a year or so,
Speaker 1: I think, before returning to Scotland to prepare for entry
Speaker 1: into the University of Edinburgh Medical School, which is another
Speaker 1: surprise I think for a lot of people that he
Speaker 1: had a medical background. Yes, he had some medical aspirations
Speaker 1: um and actually ended up getting his Bachelor of Medicine
Speaker 1: and Master of Surgery qualifications in eighteen eighty one and
Speaker 1: an m d in eighteen eighty five. He even went
Speaker 1: on to have a sort of a semi successful medical career.
Speaker 1: He I think he practiced for at least ten years
Speaker 1: or so, so he didn't have to be spending all
Speaker 1: his time writing detective fiction. Well, I think that was
Speaker 1: what he wanted to be doing. He was writing even
Speaker 1: while he was practicing as a doctor. That's he started
Speaker 1: the Sherlock Holmes series at that time, started writing stories,
Speaker 1: so it was definitely there from the beginning. But it
Speaker 1: was someone that he had met his second year of
Speaker 1: medical school who really inspired this literary character that Conan
Speaker 1: Doyle became so famous for, and that was Dr Joseph Bell. Yeah.
Speaker 1: So Kennon Doyle clerked for this doctor Bell in the
Speaker 1: Royal Infirmary and he he was just sort of his assistant,
Speaker 1: you know, he interviewed new patients before they went in
Speaker 1: to see the doctor. But this is interesting part. Bell
Speaker 1: didn't really need that assistance because it seemed like he
Speaker 1: always kind of knew what was going on with his
Speaker 1: new patients, sometimes before he even saw them. Yeah, it
Speaker 1: was kind of freaky. For lack of a better word,
Speaker 1: it would call it freaky. Connan Doyle would take notes,
Speaker 1: diligently interviewed these patients they'd come in, and his mentor,
Speaker 1: doctor Bell, would somehow know what was going on. These
Speaker 1: people were total strangers, new patients, he'd never met them before,
Speaker 1: but he would be able to say things like how
Speaker 1: they make their living, where they from, even maybe where
Speaker 1: they'd been that day. And Condo was really impressed by
Speaker 1: the skill and that's why, as anyone would be, I
Speaker 1: would be. But it's interesting, they're not actually friends and
Speaker 1: you might think, um, this impressionable young Conan Doyle would
Speaker 1: try to build a relationship with this guy, especially since
Speaker 1: he becomes such a major influence on his character later.
Speaker 1: But yeah, they're they're not good buddies. In Bell's journals,
Speaker 1: which he kept from the eighteen sixties until his death, uh,
Speaker 1: there's no mention of Doyle, so you know they must have.
Speaker 1: He must have not had a huge impression on the doctor.
Speaker 1: He would think, I mean, if I don't write in
Speaker 1: a journal, but if I were to write in a journal,
Speaker 1: I'd probably write about my best friends and the people
Speaker 1: who are a big influence in my life. And he
Speaker 1: did not appear there. That journal was actually on display
Speaker 1: at an exhibit that the Royal College of Surgeons in
Speaker 1: Edinburgh has about Conan, Doyle and Bell and the real
Speaker 1: trilat Holmes. Still it's a permanent display there and he
Speaker 1: has that some letters and so what they What we
Speaker 1: can entertain from that is that they weren't that close.
Speaker 1: But still conn and Doyle must have been inspired by
Speaker 1: this skill, this like guessing power that the doctor had.
Speaker 1: So that makes us wonder how did the doctor do this?
Speaker 1: How is he able to determine all of these minute
Speaker 1: details about someone's life before he really talked to them.
Speaker 1: Hold that thought. We're going to get into that a
Speaker 1: little more. First, a little bit of background on Bell.
Speaker 1: He was born in eighty seven and he was born
Speaker 1: into really a medical focused family. His dad, his uncles
Speaker 1: were all well known surgeons. They were all involved in
Speaker 1: the medical field, so he kind of followed in their footsteps.
Speaker 1: He was educated at the Academy and the University in
Speaker 1: Edinburgh and practiced as a doctor in Scotland. He was
Speaker 1: described as being a thin, wiry guy, had a high nose,
Speaker 1: acute face, penetrating gray eyes, and a high discordant voice
Speaker 1: which sounds like somebody else I can think. Yep, it's true.
Speaker 1: A lot of these features, like the nose especially, are
Speaker 1: thought to be very homes like, and people say that
Speaker 1: Bell even wore a cloaked coat in a deer stalker hat,
Speaker 1: which which are homes trademarks. He even has the costume on,
Speaker 1: he even has the outfit. Yeah, and he's he's kind
Speaker 1: of an interesting guy, not just the super focused doctor,
Speaker 1: but he's an amateur poet and a bird watcher and
Speaker 1: an average shooter when he's not busy with you know,
Speaker 1: medicine and that sort of thing. So he has these
Speaker 1: interesting hobbies. I guess you'd say, definitely, But his main
Speaker 1: focus still is medicine, and in his profession he did
Speaker 1: a lot of things of note. He started Scotland's first
Speaker 1: training course for nurses, which is kind of a big deal,
Speaker 1: and agreed to teach some of the first female medical
Speaker 1: students too, even though that was pretty controversial at the time.
Speaker 1: There was a lot of prejudice against these women who
Speaker 1: wanted a study medicine. He was also Queen Victoria's a
Speaker 1: personal physician whenever she was in Scotland, which I find
Speaker 1: very interesting and I swear Queen Victoria like makes an
Speaker 1: appearance in almost every podcast she works away. Yeah, she
Speaker 1: apparently checked out his words and liked what she saw
Speaker 1: and decided to make him her personal doctor. So one
Speaker 1: of the things he was best known for, besides all
Speaker 1: of these accolades and positions of prominence, was for teaching
Speaker 1: a particular method for diagnosing patients. And we've alluded to
Speaker 1: that a little bit before, with his experience and being
Speaker 1: able to identify certain things about patients before even interviewing them,
Speaker 1: And basically what this all comes down to is that
Speaker 1: he thought it was important to make a study of people,
Speaker 1: both in order to notice the small details that distinguished
Speaker 1: the sick from the healthy, and also just to impress
Speaker 1: patients with your knowledge of of them so that they'll
Speaker 1: put their faith in you. Yeah, I mean it. It
Speaker 1: worked for his assistant. You can imagine that it would
Speaker 1: work for his patients pretty well too, definitely, And so
Speaker 1: he told his students that a diagnosis rested on three
Speaker 1: things observed of carefully, did you shrewdly and confirm with evidence,
Speaker 1: and he put this into practice for them too. Yeah,
Speaker 1: we have an example for you that is just kind
Speaker 1: of outrageous. There's a woman walks in with a little child,
Speaker 1: and the doctor immediately says, oh, how is your walk
Speaker 1: from this small town in Fife? And did you have
Speaker 1: to walk up the ever life row? And what do
Speaker 1: you do with the other one? And are you still
Speaker 1: working at the linoleum factory. Okay, that's a lot of
Speaker 1: really specific personal question, very specific stuff. And this was
Speaker 1: all without ever having met her before. This was their
Speaker 1: first encounter. And and oh, I shouldn't mention here that
Speaker 1: this is all sort of our English translation from the
Speaker 1: Scottish vernacular at the time, which I didn't think we
Speaker 1: should attempt to pronounce. But maybe next time, maybe next time,
Speaker 1: we'll give that a try. After a few beers. But
Speaker 1: he had never met her before, It's how did he
Speaker 1: do this. He quickly noticed small things about her, her
Speaker 1: Fife accent. That's how we recognized she was from Fife.
Speaker 1: The red clay on her shoes, which could have only
Speaker 1: come from the botanical gardens area, which was near the road.
Speaker 1: That he asked her if she had walked up that's
Speaker 1: like something that would happen on a detective show. Totally.
Speaker 1: The coach she had slung over her arm was too
Speaker 1: big for the child who was with her, so it
Speaker 1: must have been for another kid, which means that she
Speaker 1: must have left home with two kids. And she had
Speaker 1: dermatitis on her right hand, which was peculiar to workers
Speaker 1: who worked in the specific linoleum factory in that town
Speaker 1: where he had ascertained that she was from. So all
Speaker 1: of these really super specific minute details. He suddenly put
Speaker 1: that together upon meeting her, who knows, maybe in the
Speaker 1: matter of seconds, and decided that it was correct. And
Speaker 1: sure enough, she answered each question in this conversation. She
Speaker 1: was like, yep, I left the kid with my sister. Um, yeah,
Speaker 1: it was a good walk. I mean, she answered all
Speaker 1: of these questions in the affirmative and proved that he
Speaker 1: had ascertained correctly. Who would have thought he was a
Speaker 1: wizard or something. I don't know. I think that would
Speaker 1: disturb me a little bit if somebody was that spot
Speaker 1: on about everything. Yeah. I don't know if I would
Speaker 1: have been exactly encouraged either, But it worked for a
Speaker 1: lot of people. And it turns out that people say
Speaker 1: that he was right most of the time, but if
Speaker 1: he wasn't, there were occasions where the patient would say, oh,
Speaker 1: that's not correct, and a lot of times he would
Speaker 1: then go further and expose that they were lying. Yeah,
Speaker 1: which is kind of I mean, taking it a step further,
Speaker 1: but um, not exactly living up to the point of
Speaker 1: putting your patients at ease at that point, I guess
Speaker 1: probably not, but at least getting the job done, which
Speaker 1: is getting to the heart of the problem. His goal
Speaker 1: was diagnosing, so he got to the truth one way
Speaker 1: or another most of the time. Yeah, And I mean
Speaker 1: he recognized that this was a valuable skill for his profession,
Speaker 1: and so he wanted to train his students to have
Speaker 1: the same abilities and taught them to look for those
Speaker 1: really specific details that gave someone away, you know, like
Speaker 1: everything from the way a person walked, for instance, a
Speaker 1: sailor would walk differently from a soldier. Um, look at
Speaker 1: their hands, which hands are not only give you big
Speaker 1: clues about someone's age, but maybe even a person's profession.
Speaker 1: And he even went so far as to say that
Speaker 1: you could tell the difference between different types of callouses
Speaker 1: on the hands tell what somebody did based on that. Yeah,
Speaker 1: Like he he asserted that a mason would have different
Speaker 1: types of callouses than say a carpenter or something, and
Speaker 1: that he could by observing you could guess which profession
Speaker 1: a person was in. And then also some more obvious
Speaker 1: things too, like ornaments and tattoos and clothing and posture
Speaker 1: and just a person's overall demeanor, things that might give
Speaker 1: away where they're from, where they're going, what's going on,
Speaker 1: where they've traveled, all those kind of things. And he
Speaker 1: also had them closely studied subjects that could help them
Speaker 1: make certain distinctions when they were coming up with diagnoses,
Speaker 1: such as diverse odors of poisons, even perfumes. They had
Speaker 1: to sort of sample all these things and learn, I
Speaker 1: guess the technical aspect of it too, not just looking
Speaker 1: at okay, what does this person have on them? What
Speaker 1: markings can I see? But also can I recognize certain sense,
Speaker 1: certain taste, certain sites. Yeah, And the way he did
Speaker 1: that with maybe sometimes a little questionable yep. According to
Speaker 1: UH column A two nine column and The Forensic Examiner,
Speaker 1: written by Dr Catherine Ramslin, she describes this funny kind
Speaker 1: of training exercise or trick that Bell used with his
Speaker 1: students when teaching them. His method basically had this gross
Speaker 1: container of amber colored fluid, which he told them up
Speaker 1: front was disgusting bitter tasting, but he told them that
Speaker 1: it was a potent drug, and since they needed to
Speaker 1: learn how various substances taste and smell, they should follow
Speaker 1: his example and taste it right now. So he stuck
Speaker 1: a finger in it, licks a finger, and then they
Speaker 1: all have to do the same, and sure enough passed
Speaker 1: it around. He's correct bitter tasting, and they all agree
Speaker 1: with everyone's grossed out. And then at the end, though,
Speaker 1: Bell tells him that they've missed the most important part.
Speaker 1: The finger that he dipped into the liquid wasn't the
Speaker 1: same one that he tasted, so he didn't actually taste
Speaker 1: this disgusting stuff at all. Yeah, so they hadn't really
Speaker 1: observed him at all. They had missed the most important thing,
Speaker 1: even though they'd been looking straight at them. So this
Speaker 1: was a key lesson in his method that he was
Speaker 1: trying to teach a magician. He could have. So Bell
Speaker 1: didn't just use this method for teaching and to help
Speaker 1: his patients. He also used it to help solve crimes
Speaker 1: in a homes esque sort of way. So there's another
Speaker 1: little connection that we can see there. He actually admitted
Speaker 1: to a reporter in the eighteen nineties that he had
Speaker 1: been involved for about twenty years, two decades or so,
Speaker 1: that he had been working on criminal cases for the crown,
Speaker 1: but he wouldn't divulge any details about this. But RAN's Land,
Speaker 1: that author we mentioned earlier, asserted that he was involved
Speaker 1: in a few really big cases, and one of them
Speaker 1: was the case of Elizabeth Chantrelle. She was this young
Speaker 1: woman who was murdered by her no good husband, Eugene Chantrelle,
Speaker 1: for her insurance money, and he tried to make it
Speaker 1: seem like it was an accidental death, that she had
Speaker 1: been killed by coal gas poisoning. But Bell worked with
Speaker 1: a toxicologist from the university named Sir Henry little John
Speaker 1: and helped prove that trell had actually been poisoned. She
Speaker 1: hadn't been poisoned by the gas. She had been poisoned
Speaker 1: by something else entirely, and her husband had staged the
Speaker 1: room and staged the murder to make it look like
Speaker 1: she had died from the gas leak. Yeah. I mean,
Speaker 1: this guy didn't do any favors. He had pretty much
Speaker 1: made it clear that he wanted to kill his wife
Speaker 1: because he had insured her life around this time, and
Speaker 1: then sure enough later when she fell ill. He tried
Speaker 1: to blame it on this gas leak, but they found
Speaker 1: out that it was narcotic poisoning. And I think he
Speaker 1: was also involved in the Jack the Ripper case. You
Speaker 1: may have heard of it. You may have heard of
Speaker 1: this exciting case. Several sources more than just Ramslin, they
Speaker 1: connect Bell to this case, but there's no real record
Speaker 1: that reveals who he suspected, which one of the suspects
Speaker 1: he thought was the real killer involved here. Yeah, and
Speaker 1: he worked with Little John the toxicologist again on this one,
Speaker 1: studied the case and did handwriting analysis of the Ripper letters.
Speaker 1: And this part is really sad. But the two men
Speaker 1: prepared reports on it and set them to Scotland Yard.
Speaker 1: But apparently the reports don't exist anymore. Yeah, it would
Speaker 1: be nice to know what his guess was, I think so.
Speaker 1: I mean, he seems like a pretty reliable source. He'd
Speaker 1: be as good as anything we have for the Ripper murders, definitely.
Speaker 1: But he believed that this method, when used in solving crimes,
Speaker 1: was superior to the tunnel vision of ordinary cops. Um.
Speaker 1: What that means basically is that ordinary policeman, this is
Speaker 1: Bell's opinion, when they come up with the theory, they
Speaker 1: come up with the theory first, and then they try
Speaker 1: to find the facts to support that. He believed in
Speaker 1: getting the facts first and then making observations and deductions
Speaker 1: to come up with an ultimate hypothesis until it all
Speaker 1: makes sense, until it all makes sense. And he did
Speaker 1: think that you could come up with a hypothesis and
Speaker 1: use that as a guide, but he believed that you
Speaker 1: should be flexible and accept new facts that come along
Speaker 1: and use that to kind of revise it along the way. Yeah,
Speaker 1: don't become a slave to your hypothesis. So maybe indirectly
Speaker 1: through holmes character, Bell's approach to solving crimes has been
Speaker 1: a big influence in kind of combining forensic science and
Speaker 1: crime investigation, which we see a lot of today. It's
Speaker 1: kind of the norm, but he was a bit of
Speaker 1: an influence on that. One main example of this is
Speaker 1: Edmund Lockard. Sherlock Holmes was one of his big heroes,
Speaker 1: and Lockard established the world's first private crime lab in
Speaker 1: nineteen ten, which was just a year before Bell died.
Speaker 1: So clearly very influenced indirectly by Bell's work. Yep. Still
Speaker 1: today there's the Joseph Bell Center for Forensics, Statistics and
Speaker 1: Legal Reasoning in Edinburgh, which was established in two thousand one,
Speaker 1: and there they still honor and use Bell's methods and
Speaker 1: approach to teaching forensics, statistics, law, artificial intelligence and ontological studies. Yeah.
Speaker 1: So useful stuff today. But after you hear a little
Speaker 1: bit about this guy, Joseph Bell, it seems like the
Speaker 1: connection to Sherlock Holmes is very obvious. I mean, it's
Speaker 1: easy to see how he would have led to his
Speaker 1: character's creation. But it's we're not just like finding convenient
Speaker 1: comparisons and making it all match up. There's more than that,
Speaker 1: there's actual evidence behind it. I think Bell would be proud.
Speaker 1: Bell would definitely approve there's some hard evidence to back
Speaker 1: it up. In a letter to Bell on May fourth,
Speaker 1: which is still owned by Bell's ascendants, Conan Doyle said
Speaker 1: this quote, it is most certainly to you that I
Speaker 1: owe Sherlock Holmes. And though in the stories I have
Speaker 1: the advantage of being able to place the detective and
Speaker 1: all sorts of dramatic positions, I do not think that
Speaker 1: his analytical work is in the least an exaggeration of
Speaker 1: similar effects which I have seen you produce in the
Speaker 1: out patient ward. Yeah, so that pretty much steals it.
Speaker 1: That's it. And Belle was really humble about this. You
Speaker 1: would think maybe if you have kind of Doyle right
Speaker 1: to you and say you are Sherlock Holmes, you might
Speaker 1: brag about that a little bit. I would think it
Speaker 1: was pretty cool. I would think it was definitely cool.
Speaker 1: But he basically said later that Conan Doyle had made
Speaker 1: a bigger deal out of out of what there was,
Speaker 1: and that Sherlock Holmes was really Conan Doyle, you know,
Speaker 1: it was his genius was a result of Conan Doyle's
Speaker 1: own talents in his own training. And he even said, quote,
Speaker 1: you yourself are Sherlock Holmes, and you well know it.
Speaker 1: So here he is just kind of denying this major
Speaker 1: influence and maybe he just didn't want the attention. He
Speaker 1: was happy enough with his with his own accolades, accomplishments. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and what he said isn't entirely untrue either. Conan Doyle
Speaker 1: does seem to have added a little bit of himself
Speaker 1: off to holmes character. As a lot of writers do
Speaker 1: in their works. His eccentric personality, Holmes's eccentric personality, that is,
Speaker 1: for example, many people often attribute that to the author.
Speaker 1: Bill was actually kind of a nice, charming guy, right.
Speaker 1: He was known to be really carrying, funny, compassionate, whereas
Speaker 1: conn and Doyle I think was more prone to having
Speaker 1: maybe what was closer or not manic depression as Holmes did.
Speaker 1: Holmes character did, but maybe something closer to that type
Speaker 1: of personality. You wouldn't want him to be your personal
Speaker 1: doctor maybe if you were Queen Victoria. Definitely, but I
Speaker 1: think Cabell fit the Bill a little better. Um. They
Speaker 1: We also see different influences from other people who lived
Speaker 1: in Edinburgh at the time and that during that same
Speaker 1: period who show up as part of Holmes character, such
Speaker 1: as Sir Robert Christensen, who was another professor at the university,
Speaker 1: and he is said to have influenced holmes knowledge of poisons.
Speaker 1: So it's a mix, yeah, as as most characters are.
Speaker 1: I'd say, yeah, but I mean still in terms of
Speaker 1: that basic method and approach, Bell definitely inspired Home and
Speaker 1: Holmes still has a lot of influence on characters today. Definitely.
Speaker 1: One notable example, Dr Gregg House on the show House
Speaker 1: the House creator David Shore has even acknowledged that Doctor
Speaker 1: was inspired by Holmes. Well, and it's funny because I
Speaker 1: mean when I was reading about Bell in his sort
Speaker 1: of gotcha things that he would do with his patients,
Speaker 1: I mean I did think of House right away. I
Speaker 1: definitely did too. And I think that I've even heard
Speaker 1: that before that Sherlott Holmes was an inspiration for House.
Speaker 1: But I just assumed, maybe as many people have, that
Speaker 1: it was just the detective part of it, the part
Speaker 1: where House always has to solve the mystery in the
Speaker 1: kind of grumpy demeanor exactly. But now I can see
Speaker 1: that it's actually closer to the original idea than I suspectedly.
Speaker 1: All Right, well, I think that about wraps that for
Speaker 1: the real Sherlock Holmes here. But we're definitely curious about
Speaker 1: what your favorite home story is. We were trying to
Speaker 1: pick ours and couldn't quite decide, So if you want
Speaker 1: to email us, you can find us at History Podcast
Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com. We're also on Twitter
Speaker 1: at Miston History and we have a Facebook fan page.
Speaker 1: So lots of ways to share your favorite mystery. Yes,
Speaker 1: there are, and if you want to find out a
Speaker 1: little bit more about some of the ideas that we
Speaker 1: talked about here, such as luck Ards exchange principle and
Speaker 1: how that worked. You can find it by coming to
Speaker 1: our homepage and typing in luck Ards exchange principle, and
Speaker 1: that's at www. Dot how stuff works dot com. For
Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, is that
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