Speaker 1: Pretty much all the stuff that we're made out of.
Speaker 1: Me and you and cats are made out of quarks
Speaker 1: and electronics. We cats are made out of something strange though, right, Yeah,
Speaker 1: some people sinspect cats come from another dimension. We made
Speaker 1: little weird particles, and that would explain a lot um.
Speaker 1: But so far, everything that we've ever interacted with, all
Speaker 1: the history of science, everything we've been studying for hundreds
Speaker 1: of years, um is only studied stuff that's made out
Speaker 1: of quarks and electrons. And so for a long time
Speaker 1: we thought, well, maybe everything's made out of cork and electrons. Right,
Speaker 1: We've never seen anything else. Hi, I'm Daniel and I
Speaker 1: and this is Daniel and Jorge Explain the universe. Today
Speaker 1: we're going to talk about dark matter. What is dark
Speaker 1: matter anyway? How dark is it? Does it really matter?
Speaker 1: I mean, who cares? Right, Well, hopefully they care because
Speaker 1: they clicked on the podcast. Well, dark matter certainly matters
Speaker 1: to us, and so today we'll be talking about all
Speaker 1: the interesting things about dark matter, all the mysteries and
Speaker 1: amazing facts that we've know and don't know about dark matter.
Speaker 1: So what do you think dark matter is? We went
Speaker 1: out in the street and we asked people what they thought.
Speaker 1: Here's what they had to say. Ah, I don't remember.
Speaker 1: It's like black holes, right and stuff like that. Lava,
Speaker 1: I don't know. I'm thinking it's like this dark mass
Speaker 1: that I have no idea what's in it, but it's
Speaker 1: just a dark mass. Cool. Wow. People have some pretty
Speaker 1: interesting ideas about what dark matter is and what dark
Speaker 1: matter isn't so I think it's pretty good that we're
Speaker 1: going through this to explain all the details of dark matter. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and it's interesting that most people seem to have heard
Speaker 1: of it, but people sort of don't quite have a
Speaker 1: good grasp of it. Well. I think there's also a
Speaker 1: lot of abuse of the phrase dark matter you see
Speaker 1: in science fiction. It's the title of several albums and
Speaker 1: bands that have nothing to do with dark matter. So
Speaker 1: it sort of entered like the pops popular lexicon without
Speaker 1: carrying along with the possibles. I would like a dark
Speaker 1: matter popsicle. Um, it's under the popular lexicon without sort
Speaker 1: of carrying along with it what it actually means. So
Speaker 1: this phrase which exists in the language, and it's been
Speaker 1: stripped of scientific meeting and lots of content. I know
Speaker 1: that I've read a lot of science fiction novels that
Speaker 1: talk about dark matter title dark matter and have nothing
Speaker 1: to do with dark matter. Right, So it's just two
Speaker 1: words that are tailor made for like science fiction, right,
Speaker 1: dark and like matter. You know, like that's a great triumph.
Speaker 1: It's a great triumph of marketing. Right, it's an awesome
Speaker 1: sounding theory. Yeah. Yeah, secured those jobs for those physicists,
Speaker 1: that's right, that's how we get paid. Yeah, coming up
Speaker 1: with cool names for theories. Well, we came up with
Speaker 1: the list of the four things you should know about
Speaker 1: dark matter, and the first thing you should know about
Speaker 1: dark matter is that it's a different kind of matter
Speaker 1: than what you and me and Daniel are made out of. So, Daniel,
Speaker 1: what does that mean that it's a different kind of matter.
Speaker 1: That's a great question. Well, to answer that, we really
Speaker 1: have to think for a moment about what we're made
Speaker 1: out of. Right, I'm made out of particles. You're made
Speaker 1: out of particles. This chair I'm sitting on his mating
Speaker 1: out of particles. Everything we know pretty much is made
Speaker 1: out of particles. Particles like atoms. Yeah, particles inside atoms.
Speaker 1: So you have the molecules your body is made out of,
Speaker 1: and those are made out of atoms like hydrogen and
Speaker 1: lithium and that kind of crazy stuff. And inside those
Speaker 1: are smaller particles protons and neutrons and electrons, and inside those,
Speaker 1: generally down even further are quarks. Everything in the universe, um,
Speaker 1: everything out there that we've seen is made out of
Speaker 1: these things quarks, electric right, that's right, it's the stuff
Speaker 1: we can see, and and we what can we see
Speaker 1: where we can see stuff that sends us light like stars.
Speaker 1: We can see stuff that reflects light, like gas and
Speaker 1: dust and and stuff like that that reflects light from
Speaker 1: other stars, like the moon. Right, the moon doesn't give
Speaker 1: off its own light, it's not doesn't shine, but we
Speaker 1: see it in the sky because it reflects the light
Speaker 1: from the sun. So it's something that we can see.
Speaker 1: It's a kind of matter. We know, we understand it.
Speaker 1: I can think about everything's made out of these three things.
Speaker 1: But dark matter is something different, right, dark matter is
Speaker 1: something else. It's a different kind of matter. It's not
Speaker 1: made out of quirks and electrons. And there are even
Speaker 1: other weird kind of quirks that we discovered, like by
Speaker 1: smashing particles together. And we know dark matter is not
Speaker 1: made out of any of those, something of any kind
Speaker 1: of quirks or even weird kind of electrons. It's something else,
Speaker 1: something different, something new that we don't know what that is.
Speaker 1: We don't know what that is at all. We don't
Speaker 1: know if it's another kind of particle. We don't know,
Speaker 1: if it's a weird new kind of matter, this not
Speaker 1: made out of particles. We don't know, if it's something
Speaker 1: we haven't even imagined yet. That's my personal fantasy is
Speaker 1: I hope that when we do figure out what dark
Speaker 1: matter is, it totally blows our minds and turns out
Speaker 1: to be something that even science fiction writers that never
Speaker 1: thought of. That would be my my favorite scenario. So
Speaker 1: it's something that's made out of something entirely different than us.
Speaker 1: But there's a lot of it. And that's the second
Speaker 1: thing you should know about that we wrote down we
Speaker 1: should you should know about dark matter, which is that
Speaker 1: there's a ton of it in the universe and it's
Speaker 1: all around us. That's right. Dark matter is everywhere. So
Speaker 1: people talk about dark matter like, oh, it's it's weird
Speaker 1: stuff out in space, or these other galaxies have dark matter,
Speaker 1: But dark matter is all around us. It's there's a
Speaker 1: huge blob of it in the center of our galaxy,
Speaker 1: and then there's a big diffuse cloud of it that's
Speaker 1: that envelops the entire galaxy and pretty much every galaxy
Speaker 1: out there. Dark matter is matter. It's stuff, right, And
Speaker 1: when we say it's matter, we mean that it feels gravity.
Speaker 1: And that's actually how we figured out that it's there.
Speaker 1: After all, matter something that feels gravity. But wait back
Speaker 1: up a second. So it's it's like there's blobs of
Speaker 1: it floating out in space. Is that is that kind
Speaker 1: of what we know about dark matter, Like it floats
Speaker 1: and blobs. Dark matter definitely forms blobs because it feels gravity,
Speaker 1: and like anything else, things that feel gravity are going
Speaker 1: to slowly accumulate and pull themselves together. So just like
Speaker 1: normal matter, you know, the gas and the dust pulled
Speaker 1: themselves together to form stars and galaxies, dark matter also
Speaker 1: pulls itself together and form these big blobs. So those
Speaker 1: blobs aren't like out there in space, they're on top
Speaker 1: of us. They're here with us. If you lift up
Speaker 1: your hand right now and wave it all around, you're
Speaker 1: passing through a huge blob of dark matter that's there
Speaker 1: in your living room or kitchen or car or wherever
Speaker 1: you happen to be. It's like in the air around us, Um,
Speaker 1: what does that mean? Like, it's like it's in the
Speaker 1: space between regular particles. It's here with us, and there's
Speaker 1: a lot of space between particles. Right, particles are super
Speaker 1: duper super tiny, and if you don't feel a force
Speaker 1: that the particles are pushing back on you with, then
Speaker 1: you can't even tell that they're there. There's lots of
Speaker 1: examples of that. For example, there's a lot of neutrinos
Speaker 1: that pass right through your body all the time. There's
Speaker 1: a hundred billion neutrinos passed through your fingernail every second.
Speaker 1: You can't feel them, um, And they just zip right
Speaker 1: through and don't even notice you. And the reason is
Speaker 1: that they don't have any way to talk to you.
Speaker 1: So if you can't communicate with them, you can't. There's
Speaker 1: no way for you to push them or pull them,
Speaker 1: or for them to push your pull you. You can't
Speaker 1: even tell them they're You just walk right through them
Speaker 1: the way you walk through an empty room. So you're saying,
Speaker 1: we're sort of swimming in dark matter. Absolutely, we're almost
Speaker 1: drowning in it, because there's more dark matter than normal matter.
Speaker 1: So there's your room that you're sitting in has five
Speaker 1: times as much dark matter as it has air in it.
Speaker 1: For example, it's five of all the energy in the
Speaker 1: universe is normal stuff, and then something like is dark matter.
Speaker 1: So it's like, you know, one sixth of all the
Speaker 1: stuff that's in the universe, of all the matter that's
Speaker 1: in the universe, is what we used to call normal matter,
Speaker 1: and the rest of it is dark matter. And that's
Speaker 1: mind blowing to discover that what you thought was typical,
Speaker 1: we thought was normal, what you thought you know was
Speaker 1: the basic unit of the universe turns out to be
Speaker 1: a little extra bit. You know. It's like we've been
Speaker 1: eating the frosting and ignoring the cake, right, or we've
Speaker 1: been like focusing on the tail and ignoring the whole elephant.
Speaker 1: I have so many questions for you, but before we
Speaker 1: dive in, let's take a short break. So dark matter
Speaker 1: doesn't feel electromagnetism. And we know that because we know
Speaker 1: it's there, but we don't see it. Right, that's what
Speaker 1: we mean by see it and feel it. So that's
Speaker 1: what it's called dark right, It's you can't see it
Speaker 1: exactly that's just what we mean by dark that awesome
Speaker 1: marketing campaign of dark matter. That's the concept behind dark.
Speaker 1: Dark meaning we don't see it or feel it is
Speaker 1: right by it doesn't care. That's right. Yeah, But then
Speaker 1: you might wonder, like, well, if we can't interact with
Speaker 1: it at all, how could we possibly know it's there? Right?
Speaker 1: If you can't feel it or see it in any way,
Speaker 1: is it not just some fantasy some speculations, and like
Speaker 1: why should we care, Like if we can't see it
Speaker 1: or touch it, why why is it important to the universe?
Speaker 1: That's right? And so there is one way we can
Speaker 1: interact with dark matter, and that's through gravity. Dark matter
Speaker 1: is and that's the matter part of it, right, dark
Speaker 1: meaning we can't see it. Matter meaning it has stuff
Speaker 1: to it has gravity, and we know that it's a matter.
Speaker 1: We know it's made of something and it does have gravity.
Speaker 1: That's what matters is kind of defined as stuff that
Speaker 1: feels gravity and has mass. Yeah, exactly. That's what makes
Speaker 1: matter matter, is that it has some stuff to it,
Speaker 1: some mass to it, and anything that has mass to
Speaker 1: it is going to feel gravity. Okay, it's true that
Speaker 1: we can't feel or see dark matter because it doesn't
Speaker 1: have any electromagnetism, but it does have gravity, and so
Speaker 1: we can detect it. But because gravity is so weak,
Speaker 1: it takes enormous amounts of dark matter for us to notice.
Speaker 1: So kind of actually that there's so much dark Like
Speaker 1: even if there's a blob of dark matter right in
Speaker 1: front of me, I know I can't see it or
Speaker 1: touch it because it doesn't feel like your mignety forces. Um,
Speaker 1: but I know that you're telling me that I have
Speaker 1: like a gravity relationship with this blob, right, But it's
Speaker 1: super right. It's I don't even feel the gravity from
Speaker 1: this blob. There's definitely gravity between you and that room
Speaker 1: full of dark matter. Okay, And depending on what your
Speaker 1: math is, we don't have to say on that head. Yeah,
Speaker 1: even if you're a super massive guy who never left
Speaker 1: the house or massively cool, right or just massively funny
Speaker 1: and that's how weird, right, Like, um, like I have
Speaker 1: a gravity relationship with the error around me, have a
Speaker 1: gravity relationship with the like the microphone in front of me,
Speaker 1: with the table in front of me, with the car
Speaker 1: when I'm driving, But you just don't really feel that
Speaker 1: gravity relationship, right, That's right, You can't tell. It's drowned
Speaker 1: out by everything else in your life, and so you
Speaker 1: don't even notice. So you know, you can act like
Speaker 1: there's no gravitational force between you and the chair in
Speaker 1: front of you, because it's almost true. It's only like
Speaker 1: with the entire Earth that I feel that gravity relationship. Right,
Speaker 1: that's the one that pulls me down, That's right. And
Speaker 1: it takes a huge blob of stuff the size of
Speaker 1: the Earth for you to even notice. Okay, so dark
Speaker 1: matter is a different kind of matter. There's a ton
Speaker 1: of it in the years. It's all around this. We
Speaker 1: can't see it because it doesn't feel electromagnetic forces. We
Speaker 1: can't touch it also because of that um, but it
Speaker 1: does feel gravity. So how do we know that it
Speaker 1: was there? Like, how do we can't see or touch it?
Speaker 1: How do we how do we figure that? Yeah, it
Speaker 1: took people a while before they really accepted the dark
Speaker 1: matter was the thing. And it's a fun story because
Speaker 1: it's started with just a discrepancy. What they were doing
Speaker 1: was they were checking to see if they understood how
Speaker 1: galaxies spin. So our galaxy, you know, we are in
Speaker 1: a solar system, and a solar system is part of
Speaker 1: a big group of stars called the galaxy that all
Speaker 1: spins around. And our galaxy is called the Milky Way.
Speaker 1: And there's lots of galaxies in the universe, trillions more
Speaker 1: even more than that, probably, And we can look out
Speaker 1: into the sky and you can see other galaxies also spinning.
Speaker 1: And you can think of a galaxy sort of the
Speaker 1: way you think about like a America round. If you
Speaker 1: have a merriga round and you put a bunch of
Speaker 1: pink pong balls on it, you spin it, what's going
Speaker 1: to happen? The pink pun balls will fly off? Yeah,
Speaker 1: they'll shootout and hit your sister in the face. And
Speaker 1: then you get a diferent And those are some dark matters,
Speaker 1: and um, so what happens with the galaxy? Well, in
Speaker 1: the case of a galaxy, it's got a bunch of
Speaker 1: stars in it, and the galaxy is spinning. So why
Speaker 1: don't the ours get thrown out into intergalactic space all
Speaker 1: the time the way the ping pong balls might from
Speaker 1: Amerry around? Right, So galaxies are spinning their stars in it,
Speaker 1: why don't the stars just like spill out? That's right,
Speaker 1: I wanted they get tossed out? And the answer is gravity.
Speaker 1: The galaxy is a lot of gravity from all those
Speaker 1: stars in the black hole in the center and all
Speaker 1: that stuff, and that gravity holds the stars in place,
Speaker 1: like keeps everything in orbit. That's right, Yeah, it pulls
Speaker 1: it together and keeps stuff from getting thrown out. So
Speaker 1: some grad student went out to check this and they
Speaker 1: got a crazy result. And the result is that these
Speaker 1: galaxies are spinning way, way, way too fast. There's no
Speaker 1: way that the amount of stuff that we see in
Speaker 1: those galaxies is providing enough gravity to hold the galaxies together. Okay,
Speaker 1: something else had to be there, right, that's right, because
Speaker 1: the stars are not getting thrown into space, right, the
Speaker 1: galaxies are getting held together. So, as you know, first time,
Speaker 1: you have a crazy result. And there's a lot of
Speaker 1: explanations people come up with, and so the simplest explanation
Speaker 1: in some sense is, well, there's some kind of gravity
Speaker 1: that that's from something we can't see. So let's invent
Speaker 1: a new kind of stuff. It has to be dark
Speaker 1: because we can't see it. It has to be matter
Speaker 1: because it's giving us gravity. So we'll come up with
Speaker 1: a cool name for this new thing, called it dark matter.
Speaker 1: And that sounds like a simple explanation. But on the
Speaker 1: other hand, is not because there's not a tiny amount
Speaker 1: of stuff you have to add to these galaxies. Right,
Speaker 1: they're spending way too fast. And that's how we know
Speaker 1: that there's a ton of dark matter, because to get
Speaker 1: enough gravity to hold these galaxies together, you have to
Speaker 1: multiply the amount of stuff you can see by a
Speaker 1: factor of five. Tells you that, yeah, it tells you
Speaker 1: that what you see of the galaxy is not most
Speaker 1: of the galaxy. You know, you're looking at the galactic tonails,
Speaker 1: or you know they're just the galactic fingertips or something.
Speaker 1: Most of the galaxy is something else, right, right, the
Speaker 1: milky toes of these and and so for a long
Speaker 1: time people didn't accept that, and there were other ideas.
Speaker 1: People thought, well, that's crazy because you can't just say, oh,
Speaker 1: my experiment didn't work. Maybe the universe is filled with
Speaker 1: there's a new kind of stuff that nobody's ever seen before,
Speaker 1: and there's a huge amount of it and it's everywhere. Right,
Speaker 1: it's sort of a convenient and crazy explanations. Remever, in science,
Speaker 1: we like simple explanations, right. We want the simplest set
Speaker 1: of ideas to explain everything. We see so that was yeah,
Speaker 1: so that was that was that was the mindset, right.
Speaker 1: I was like, Okay, we know, we think we know
Speaker 1: the universe. Let's check to see if the galaxies are
Speaker 1: spinning as they should. But they found out they're spinning
Speaker 1: too fast. And the only explanation someone could come up
Speaker 1: with was like, may there's invisible gravity stuff in these
Speaker 1: galaxies that's like five times eavery than all of those stars.
Speaker 1: That's right, That was the idea of dark matter. There
Speaker 1: actually were other explanations that lived for a little while,
Speaker 1: and recently they died because they they were ruled up
Speaker 1: by other experiments. Since then, we're pretty sure that dark
Speaker 1: matter is a thing. And one way that we were
Speaker 1: able to figure out that dark matter is there and
Speaker 1: it's not just a misunderstanding of the way gravity works,
Speaker 1: is that we found a few other ways to spot it.
Speaker 1: So they're all they're almost all gravitational, but there are
Speaker 1: other ways to spot it to tell us that would
Speaker 1: give different results if it was actually dark matter or
Speaker 1: this other weird kind of theory about gravity. And I
Speaker 1: want to talk about that some more, but first let's
Speaker 1: take a quick break. So one way, it's called gravitational lensing,
Speaker 1: and that's when dark matter in the sky bends the
Speaker 1: light and gives these crazy optical effects. And that's one
Speaker 1: way we can tell where dark matter is. It's in
Speaker 1: a blob here, it's in a blob there makes these
Speaker 1: cool distortions in the sky because it has gravity, and
Speaker 1: it's like not just pulls the stars and planets around it,
Speaker 1: but it also bends light around it, because we know
Speaker 1: that's what gravity does, right, Yeah, because that's what matter does. Matter,
Speaker 1: All matter has gravity, and dark matter can bend the
Speaker 1: space because it has gravity, so it acts like a
Speaker 1: cosmic lens in the sky. It's totally mind blowing and
Speaker 1: everybody out there should google gravitational lensing and see those
Speaker 1: those images because they're gorgeous. And then the other way
Speaker 1: that we know that it's definitely there through gravity is um, what,
Speaker 1: what's the other thing? Yeah? The other thing was this
Speaker 1: amazing event that happened very far away, a long long
Speaker 1: time ago when two clusters of galaxies smashed into each other.
Speaker 1: And what every every cluster of God sees has both
Speaker 1: normal matter like me and you and gas and stuff
Speaker 1: and dust and also dark matter. So when they smash
Speaker 1: into each other, the normal matter smashes and creates explosions
Speaker 1: and gives off light, and we can see that. But
Speaker 1: the dark matter passed right through to the other side,
Speaker 1: so you can and we can see the dark matter
Speaker 1: there because of the gravitational lensing, so that dark matter
Speaker 1: got separated from some of the normal matter, and we
Speaker 1: can see its gravitational effects on its own And that
Speaker 1: was the key to knowing that dark matter really is
Speaker 1: its own thing with its own gravity. It's not just
Speaker 1: the misunderstanding of the way gravity works, right, because if
Speaker 1: that were the case, you wouldn't be able to separate
Speaker 1: this new new gravity from the old gravity. But because
Speaker 1: you can, because you can say, oh, here's this dark
Speaker 1: matter separated from all that gas in the dust. We
Speaker 1: can see it has its own gravity. It must be
Speaker 1: its own thing. So that tells us there's a lot
Speaker 1: of dark matter. It's out there. We can see it
Speaker 1: kind of through gravity, even not directly, but doesn't really
Speaker 1: tell us that much more about dark matter. Why if
Speaker 1: is this care about dark matter? Like, why is it?
Speaker 1: Why is it important? Why is it cool? And interesting? What?
Speaker 1: We want to make awesome sunglasses? That's the number one goal.
Speaker 1: How would you make dark matters sunglasses, that would be
Speaker 1: pretty pretty easy. Yeah, well matter for sure. No, it
Speaker 1: just comes out of a desire to understand. You know,
Speaker 1: we look at the world around us. We want to
Speaker 1: know how does this all put together? You know, what
Speaker 1: is the principle that organizes this um And part of
Speaker 1: it is a desire to build new kinds of stuff.
Speaker 1: I mean, if you understand the world around you, then
Speaker 1: you know how to manipulate it and use it and
Speaker 1: build transistors and all sorts of cool stuff. So there's
Speaker 1: thousands of applications as soon as you understand how matter works.
Speaker 1: But there's also just that core curiosity. We're like, you know,
Speaker 1: five dots away from being able to connect dark matter
Speaker 1: with anything specifically that's useful. But every time we found
Speaker 1: something new about the universe, some surprise, something crazy, something new,
Speaker 1: it's always led to, you know, economic revolutions, or technological revolutions,
Speaker 1: or even just intellectual revolutions. I mean, if you find
Speaker 1: out that the universe works in a way different from
Speaker 1: what you expected, it changes the way you think about
Speaker 1: your life and the whole human experience. I mean it's
Speaker 1: not just a little bit. It's like we're we're the
Speaker 1: minority in the universe, you know, not been We're not
Speaker 1: even the center of gravity of the universe by any means, right,
Speaker 1: that's right. If there was an election, we would definitely
Speaker 1: not any representatives. But yeah, that's that that's wild to know, right, Like,
Speaker 1: we're not the most kind of stuff in the universe.
Speaker 1: And so that's that's why dark matter is important. It's like,
Speaker 1: that's that's the bigger chunk of the universe, and so
Speaker 1: it kind of affects the way we know how things happen. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and it's responsible for the basic structure of the universe.
Speaker 1: We've done simulations. For example, we say, what would the
Speaker 1: universe look like if there hadn't been any dark matter? Right,
Speaker 1: run those stimulations forward and fourteen billion years in, you
Speaker 1: don't have any galaxies really, And the reason is that, yeah,
Speaker 1: you don't have dark matter pulling together normal matter and
Speaker 1: compressing it. No, we wouldn't be here at all. The
Speaker 1: universe would be much more diffuse and boring. We wouldn't
Speaker 1: have any podcasts at all. That's not to say like
Speaker 1: dark matter is the reason for creation or is more
Speaker 1: important than us. I mean, we don't really know what
Speaker 1: it is at all. It could be totally boring and
Speaker 1: sterile and just a bunch of little particles that are
Speaker 1: kind of aloof and ignore us, all right. It could
Speaker 1: be something more interesting though, So dark matter it's a
Speaker 1: different kind of of stuff of matter than us. We're
Speaker 1: made out of quarks and electrons um. Dark matters maybe
Speaker 1: made it out of something different that um. It's not
Speaker 1: quite the same thing as we were made out of, right,
Speaker 1: And it could be particles. It could not be particles.
Speaker 1: It could be um stuff. It could be some new
Speaker 1: kind of stuff how other stuff works. So it's different
Speaker 1: than us. There's a ton of it in the universe.
Speaker 1: There's five times more dark matter than regular matter. And
Speaker 1: it's all around us. It's like it's it's almost on
Speaker 1: top of us, you know, we're in it, and it's
Speaker 1: inside us. It's everywhere and passing through us. And you're
Speaker 1: waving your arms through right now. I feel that dark matter, Yeah,
Speaker 1: I feel it. It's it's inside of you. It's been
Speaker 1: inside of you all along. Well that sounds a little
Speaker 1: in appropriate. No, it's like a like courage, you know,
Speaker 1: it's like cark ridge or or wisdom, summon the dark
Speaker 1: matter within you sort of thing. Yeah, Okay, it could
Speaker 1: be like complex stuff, right, dark matter could be interesting
Speaker 1: and complex and have different kinds of properties to it. Right,
Speaker 1: that's right, because there could be other checkboxes we talked about,
Speaker 1: you know, the strong and the weak force, and electromagnetism
Speaker 1: and gravity. Those are the four forces we know, but
Speaker 1: there could be a fifth force that only dark matter feels.
Speaker 1: And it feels it with itself. It's easy to say, well,
Speaker 1: the simplest idea is dark matter is all just one particle.
Speaker 1: And that's simple idea, and we like to start with
Speaker 1: simple ideas to mapically work versus just like a weird
Speaker 1: homogenous blog. Yeah, but you know, look at the five
Speaker 1: percent in the universe we've studied. It's not just one
Speaker 1: kind of particle. It's a bunch of different kind of particles,
Speaker 1: and it's complicated and interesting. So there's no real reason
Speaker 1: to expect that dark matter is different. It could be
Speaker 1: even more complicated. And that's and that's assuming Remember that
Speaker 1: dark matter is a particle. We have actually no evidence
Speaker 1: whatsoever proving that dark matter is a particle. Of the
Speaker 1: normal matter we've ever seen is made out of particles,
Speaker 1: And that's the assumption we're using to say, well, probably
Speaker 1: dark matters also made out of particles. That's like saying
Speaker 1: I've only ever seen the tail of the elephants, so
Speaker 1: the rest of the elephant must also be tails, right card,
Speaker 1: It's all tales all the way down. It sort of
Speaker 1: falls apart, and it's a good way to start, you know.
Speaker 1: But I'm hoping that we discover the dark matter is
Speaker 1: something else, insing, weird, some different kind of matters just
Speaker 1: sort of expands our minds out of our current way
Speaker 1: of thinking into some new direction where we consider possibilities
Speaker 1: we hadn't even considered before. Do you have a question
Speaker 1: you wish we would cover, Send it to us. We'd
Speaker 1: love to hear from you. You can find us on Facebook, Twitter,
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge one Word, or email
Speaker 1: us to feedback at Daniel and Jorge dot com. N