Speaker 1: Happy Saturday everyone. Today we are going back to a
Speaker 1: frequent listener request that is lit Big, the second of Bavaria,
Speaker 1: the eccentric monarch who was sometimes nicknamed the Mad King.
Speaker 1: This episode is from July, featuring previous hosts Katie and Sarah,
Speaker 1: and they talk about how that nickname is really a misnomer.
Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production
Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome
Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowdy.
Speaker 1: Today we're going to start our episode with a housekeeping
Speaker 1: tip from King Ludvig, the second builder of Neuche bon
Speaker 1: Stein and patron of Wagner. Sarah take it from here,
Speaker 1: all right. So, if you enjoy really opulent multi course
Speaker 1: dinners with your imaginary friends, but you don't want a
Speaker 1: bunch of servants and footman, oh I don't interrupting them.
Speaker 1: A changing of the course is interrupting the service, you
Speaker 1: should install a trapped door dinner table. So that way,
Speaker 1: when you're done with your plate, or when Louis fourt
Speaker 1: is done with his plate, you simply press a button
Speaker 1: and then wait in your settings will descend into the floor,
Speaker 1: and soon enough the whole table will reappear, freshly laid out,
Speaker 1: new food, new plates, and you can get back to
Speaker 1: entertaining your guests. That is a true story, and it's
Speaker 1: no wonder that Ludwig is part of a popularly requested
Speaker 1: trio of topics, the king himself, his castles, and his composer.
Speaker 1: And there's a lot of lovable weirdness here in this story,
Speaker 1: and some eccentric cities, plus some enormous building projects and
Speaker 1: bizarre royal families, which you know how much we love those,
Speaker 1: and you know, who knows, We might even mention our
Speaker 1: most favorite theme of all, which are most loyal listeners
Speaker 1: will know what that is right away. But to start off,
Speaker 1: we're going to go for another common theme, which is
Speaker 1: sad royal childhood's Soldvig the Second, who is also known
Speaker 1: as Louis the second, was born in Munich at Nimfenburg
Speaker 1: Palace on August forty five, which interestingly was the same
Speaker 1: day and same hour that his grandfather and namesake was born,
Speaker 1: and he is a vital Spock, a member of Europe's
Speaker 1: longest ruling dynasty. They ruled Bavaria continuously from eleven eighty
Speaker 1: to nineteen eighteen, which is when the last of their
Speaker 1: line was forced to abdicate at the end of World
Speaker 1: War One. And initially this family ruled as dukes and
Speaker 1: duke electors. Some were Holy Roman Emperors, but by eighteen
Speaker 1: o six their duchy is raised to a kingdom by
Speaker 1: Napoleon and they become kings. Max the First, Ludvig the
Speaker 1: seconds great grandfather is the first vital Spot king, but
Speaker 1: Lidvig's grandfather, King Ludvig the First, is more famous for
Speaker 1: his womanizing than anything else, and he's even decorated the
Speaker 1: Nippenburg Palace with or trips of all these gorgeous society women.
Speaker 1: It's called the Gallery of Beauties. You can still see
Speaker 1: it today. I liked author Michael White described it as
Speaker 1: a room of high class pin ups. But um, this
Speaker 1: is a pretty conservative state, so people would like their
Speaker 1: king to at least keep this discreet. And he loses
Speaker 1: it completely when he meets Lola Montez, who's a beautiful
Speaker 1: Irish woman who's pretending to be a Spanish aristocrat. She
Speaker 1: is a trip. We have to cover her in a
Speaker 1: later podcast, Yeah, we we might. And they have this
Speaker 1: very open relationship. People really don't like it, and the
Speaker 1: king is forced to abdicate in favor of his son,
Speaker 1: Maximilian the Second, and this is of course Ludwig the
Speaker 1: seconds father. So Maximilian is not a big fan of
Speaker 1: being a king, though he would really rather be a
Speaker 1: professor study read books. And he's also not interested in
Speaker 1: his son. So this gives you a little background on
Speaker 1: what Ludvig's childhood is going to be like. And his mother,
Speaker 1: Marie of Prussia, is exactly the opposite of her husband
Speaker 1: in every way except one. But she's also completely uninterested
Speaker 1: in her children and spends maybe an hour a day
Speaker 1: with them at the very most. She's athletic and pretty
Speaker 1: and is proud to say that she's never read a book.
Speaker 1: So I don't think she can hang with us now,
Speaker 1: not at all. We should also say that Lidvig's parents
Speaker 1: are cousins and that his family, aside from his parents
Speaker 1: being cousins, is severely inbred. Another thing to keep in
Speaker 1: mind as we go on. So Little Ludvig becomes heir
Speaker 1: to the throne at two and a half, and life
Speaker 1: is pretty sad for a crown prince. He's lonely, he's neglected.
Speaker 1: He's also pampered, though, because every wish must be catered to,
Speaker 1: and he's very undisciplined, and the birth of his brother
Speaker 1: Otto only further splits this very limited and especially this
Speaker 1: is bad when Otto starts to suffer from hallucinations and
Speaker 1: requires a lot more care and attention than Lidvic can self.
Speaker 1: And his childhood, as Sarah points out, is actually a
Speaker 1: lot like the palace he was born in. It's very formal,
Speaker 1: it's grand, but it's also isolated, and so perhaps it's
Speaker 1: no wonder that he turns to elaborate reimaginings of medieval
Speaker 1: architecture as an adult. But since architecture is such an
Speaker 1: important part of Ludvig's later life, we should go into
Speaker 1: a little more detail about his childhood architecture. He grows
Speaker 1: up around the Victuals Box. Official home is in Munich.
Speaker 1: They don't spend or at least Ludwig doesn't spend a
Speaker 1: terribly large amount of time there, because being in Munich
Speaker 1: means work in business, and we don't do a lot
Speaker 1: of this family and Livig instead grows up at Hoenshvana,
Speaker 1: which is about forty miles away from Munich. And it
Speaker 1: was a palace built by his father, and the walls
Speaker 1: there are covered in murals of German legends and you
Speaker 1: can actually see these today, they're still there. And uh,
Speaker 1: these legends a lot with biblical stories really fuel this
Speaker 1: poor lonely young boy's imagination. So you're bored at home,
Speaker 1: you read some Bible stories. Maybe you dress up like
Speaker 1: a nun. This is what he does and are shy.
Speaker 1: Imaginative boy is also really obsessed with his own power.
Speaker 1: It's not all these sweet imaginative games. At one point,
Speaker 1: he tries to strangle his younger brother and instead of apologizing,
Speaker 1: he says that Otto is his vassal and had disobeyed him.
Speaker 1: And he steals from a shop and tells a governess
Speaker 1: it doesn't matter because everything will belong to him someday.
Speaker 1: So very healthy mindset. Yeah, So, becoming Crown Princess Ataler
Speaker 1: was obviously the first major event in Livig's life, really
Speaker 1: shaping who he became in his future. But the second
Speaker 1: major event in his life is his discovery of Richard
Speaker 1: Wagner at age thirteen. And I'm really tempted to talk
Speaker 1: more about the composer and a later episode because he's
Speaker 1: really interesting and really controversial. But for now we're just
Speaker 1: going to say that Ludwig loved Wagner in caps on
Speaker 1: my outline. Yeah, he wants to be Wagner's swan Knight.
Speaker 1: He loves the music, he loves the big, elaborate theatrical sets,
Speaker 1: and most of all, he loves the stories because, after all,
Speaker 1: a lot of Wagner's music is based on those same
Speaker 1: Teutonic legends that Lidvig has literally grown up seeing around
Speaker 1: his bedroom walls. Yes, his imagination comes to life in
Speaker 1: a moody teenager. And our moody teenager became a moody
Speaker 1: king when his father died in eighteen sixty four, possibly
Speaker 1: of syphilis. This might be our other new theme. And
Speaker 1: eighteen year old Ludwig inherits the throne, and he looks
Speaker 1: like a king. He's very tall, he's six four, he's slender,
Speaker 1: he has a thick, curly black hair. He's extremely handsome.
Speaker 1: He looks like what Prince Charming should be. People go
Speaker 1: crazy when they see him during the funeral procession. And
Speaker 1: he's a romantic hero as well as the king. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it almost only helps that he's so moody and so
Speaker 1: bookish it It adds to this the handsome brooding men
Speaker 1: exactly like we said earlier, though, he's really obsessed with Wagner,
Speaker 1: and one of the first matters of business when he's
Speaker 1: king is to send for the composer, and the very
Speaker 1: indebted Wagner moves to Munich makes all these immediate financial
Speaker 1: demands like I need a new theater King Ludwig, and
Speaker 1: Ludvig is happy to oblige. The politicians, however, um freak out.
Speaker 1: To put it in nice historical terms, they're also getting
Speaker 1: really worried, not only because Ldvig is spending so much
Speaker 1: money on this composer, but because Ludvig really loves Wagner
Speaker 1: like I loves loves Yes. He writes him passionate letters,
Speaker 1: and Wagner, who's smart enough to work his job, returns
Speaker 1: in kind. Wagner at the time, is of course, hooking
Speaker 1: up with his mistress and future wife, Cosima, who's the
Speaker 1: daughter of Franz List and the woman largely responsible for
Speaker 1: later creating the cult of Wagner, and once the team
Speaker 1: King told Wagner that he would give up his kingship
Speaker 1: and come live with him, Wagner realized perhaps things had
Speaker 1: gone a little too far, had to talk him down,
Speaker 1: hides the woman in his bed, and eventually the Bavarian
Speaker 1: cabinet says that enough is enough, and Wagner is kicked
Speaker 1: out after a year. Yeah, we don't want another Lola Montez, everybody,
Speaker 1: So moving on from this early infatuation, Ludwig seeks consolation
Speaker 1: in his best friend, who is his cousin Sissy, also
Speaker 1: the Empress of Austria. And she's a little out there too,
Speaker 1: like a lot of the victuals box. She suffers from interaxia,
Speaker 1: she suffers from manic depression, but she really understands Ludvig,
Speaker 1: and she understands the problems he's facing and is able
Speaker 1: to talk to him. You know. They write letters to
Speaker 1: each other, and suddenly he's engaged to her little sister, Sophie.
Speaker 1: And you might wonder how this extremely awkward young man
Speaker 1: comes together with this beautiful young woman and there apparent interests.
Speaker 1: Shared interests was Wagner, of course, And I feel like
Speaker 1: today they would meet on some sort of internet message board.
Speaker 1: If we're both attractive and we both love Wagner, we
Speaker 1: should probably get married. So they get their official photos
Speaker 1: made up, they plan the wedding and then he starts
Speaker 1: to get cold feet and he pushes back the wedding date.
Speaker 1: He asks his doctor to certify him as unfit to marry,
Speaker 1: and finally he tells Sophie that there is not the
Speaker 1: love which is necessar very for a matrimonial union, so
Speaker 1: burn Sophie, and that, of course, is because he was
Speaker 1: probably gay. And in addition to his obsession with Wagner,
Speaker 1: his secret diaries disclose liaisons with lots of actors and
Speaker 1: maybe some military officers, and they were destroyed in World
Speaker 1: War Two. But a lot of his inner turmoil seems
Speaker 1: to have come from guilt about his sexuality, because he
Speaker 1: was a devout Catholic. Yeah, but this isn't all to
Speaker 1: say that Ludwig is totally isolated from matters of state
Speaker 1: at this point of what we've described so far might
Speaker 1: sound like somebody who isn't going to work every day, um,
Speaker 1: But that isolation really comes later. In eighteen sixty six,
Speaker 1: he actually enters the Seven Weeks War on the side
Speaker 1: of Austria against Prussia. UM. But at the defeat of Austria,
Speaker 1: he signs an alliance with Prussia and works to reconcile
Speaker 1: these two big powers in Germany. So this alliance with
Speaker 1: Prussia comes into play in eighteen seventy when they're the
Speaker 1: war against France and he sticks with Prussia, avoiding a
Speaker 1: potential Franco Austrian Bavarian alliance, and Prussia wins, and then
Speaker 1: at the urging of Bismarck, Ludwig actually helps put out
Speaker 1: the call to all the other princes of Germany to
Speaker 1: unite into this German Empire under the rule of the
Speaker 1: Prussian King, who is from there on out known as
Speaker 1: the Kaiser. But Ludvig is kind of disappointed with aspects
Speaker 1: of this new arrangement. It's not exactly what he had
Speaker 1: hoped it would be. His territory isn't expanded, and you know,
Speaker 1: as as one of the kings who's not the Kaiser,
Speaker 1: he doesn't have as much power as he liked. And
Speaker 1: he thought there would maybe be some sort of sharing
Speaker 1: of the crown between his state and Prussia, and that's
Speaker 1: not how it worked out. So he's still King of Bavaria,
Speaker 1: but now it's just a state and not a kingdom.
Speaker 1: And again he's a bit of a figurehead, so you
Speaker 1: know why bother he retreats into increased solitude. And what
Speaker 1: do you do when you don't really have a kingdom
Speaker 1: to run, you don't have your composer to live with,
Speaker 1: and you really don't want to get married. You build
Speaker 1: your own kublican right, or three of them. So Littvig
Speaker 1: builds three castles and designs three more, and they occupy
Speaker 1: him during his increasingly isolated life that starts in the
Speaker 1: eighteen seventies, and from this point on he's mostly alone.
Speaker 1: He dines alone, he goes to his theatrical performances alone.
Speaker 1: He switches to this vampire like nocturnal schedule where he
Speaker 1: gets up at five pm um. But his first major
Speaker 1: building project, he doesn't. He doesn't start off right away
Speaker 1: with a huge castle. He starts off with a remodeling project,
Speaker 1: and that's redecorating his father's castle and his childhood home
Speaker 1: at Hohenschwangau. And he must have caught a nice view
Speaker 1: from there, because he starts to plan a bigger project,
Speaker 1: which of course is Nisch von Stein across the lake.
Speaker 1: And this is seriously the Disney Castle. And while it's
Speaker 1: not the most elaborate of his creations, it's definitely the
Speaker 1: most recognizable. It's a reimagining of what a medieval castle
Speaker 1: looks like, with plenty of French Rococo and Bavarian Baroque
Speaker 1: thrown in. And it's planned by a theatrical designer, not
Speaker 1: an architect, and it's basically Wagner themed, with Swan shaped
Speaker 1: taps and an indoor grotto from Venusberg the opening apparition
Speaker 1: in Wagner's opera Townhauser. And it takes seventeen years to construct,
Speaker 1: its actually never finished, and Ludvig only spends about six
Speaker 1: months their total all added up together. So the next
Speaker 1: place he builds is Linderhof, which is of home year
Speaker 1: sort of residents, and it's about twelve miles from Nu Schwenstein,
Speaker 1: and he builds it between eighteen sixty nine and seventy eight,
Speaker 1: and it's actually modeled on trin On, though so not
Speaker 1: terribly homy to so the still an elaborate palace. He
Speaker 1: really liked the Bourbons. His coaches and his sleighs were
Speaker 1: staffed by coachman dressed in reproduction Louis the fourteenth Livery.
Speaker 1: He would spend about two weeks of every month at
Speaker 1: this house and had a harmonium set up for Wagner,
Speaker 1: along with that disappearing table we mentioned in the intro.
Speaker 1: But it's here that he starts all the weird stuff,
Speaker 1: waking up at five pm, dining with his imaginary friends,
Speaker 1: then going out for midnight carriage rides as he again
Speaker 1: just retreats more and more from society, but he sticks
Speaker 1: with the Wagner theme for this place to Linderhoff has
Speaker 1: the Venus Grotto another Venus grotto imagined again from ton Hauser,
Speaker 1: and he would row around in the man made lake
Speaker 1: on this gilded seashell. You can look up pictures of this.
Speaker 1: It's a pretty cool. Sarah sent me one today and
Speaker 1: we decided that might be a better use of our time.
Speaker 1: And the lake is actually illuminated by one of Bavaria's
Speaker 1: first power ants, because who wants a dark, creepy cave
Speaker 1: made out of plaster needs to have all these cool
Speaker 1: blue and red lights. It also had a moorish pavilion
Speaker 1: with a peacock theme perfect for opium smoking if you're
Speaker 1: so inclined, and a hunting cabin with plenty of faux
Speaker 1: wood stumps and fake trees, again Disney Alert. But his
Speaker 1: final big project was haren Hens, which was constructed between
Speaker 1: eighteen seventy eight and eighteen eighty five, and this time
Speaker 1: he really honors the Bourbons and even tries to upstage
Speaker 1: them because the castle is a copy of their Sailles,
Speaker 1: only bigger and better. Yeah, it has an even grander
Speaker 1: hall of mirrors where he would read under the light
Speaker 1: of seventy nine candelabras with one thousand, eight hundred forty
Speaker 1: eight candles. It seems like you need a lot of
Speaker 1: servants for that. Or he would take a bath in
Speaker 1: this marble tub that took eight hours to heat and fill,
Speaker 1: and we didn't mention this yet either. The castle was
Speaker 1: built on an island in the middle of an alpine lake,
Speaker 1: a very exclusive island. I would imagine, a very exclusive island.
Speaker 1: It's going to make it harder to build too, if
Speaker 1: you have to row everything out to the island well,
Speaker 1: and this castle is his downfall. Only twenty of the
Speaker 1: seventy rooms are finished. It cost more to build than
Speaker 1: nischvon Stein and Linderhof together, and he only spends nine
Speaker 1: nights there, so multiply those candles by nine nights exactly.
Speaker 1: So this makes us come to the question, how did
Speaker 1: Ludwig pay for all this, and initially he financed these
Speaker 1: castles himself. He saw himself as a modern son king,
Speaker 1: and accordingly he thought he needed to celebrate this through
Speaker 1: the construction of castles through the patronage of artists such
Speaker 1: as Wagner and others. But it's not that long before
Speaker 1: he runs out money. Obviously, he starts to borrow in
Speaker 1: his own pay way way ahead. He tries to get
Speaker 1: loans from the Shawl of Iran, from the Turkish Sultan,
Speaker 1: from the Duke of Westminster. He even orders his cabinet
Speaker 1: to find loans and is very threatening and forceful when
Speaker 1: they're coming up short. And so by eighteen eighty six
Speaker 1: he's being sued for debt, which is terribly embarrassing, and
Speaker 1: he has this hair brand plan to rob a London
Speaker 1: bank doesn't work out, so the government is starting to
Speaker 1: get seriously worried, like is our king crazy or is
Speaker 1: he just spending way too much money? Either way, this
Speaker 1: has got to stop. He was certainly lonely, he told
Speaker 1: an aide to camp. Sometimes I call one of the
Speaker 1: domestic servants or postilions and asked him to tell me
Speaker 1: about his home and his family, otherwise I would completely
Speaker 1: forget the art of speech, and in his private journals
Speaker 1: he appeals to dead rulers for help. Louis the fourteenth,
Speaker 1: Charles the First of England. These are his friends, and
Speaker 1: it's interesting a lot of the stuff I read about
Speaker 1: these castles and about Ludvig. Apparently the tour guides refrain
Speaker 1: from calling him the mad King anymore, which has long
Speaker 1: been his nickname. It makes sense. It's not a very
Speaker 1: nice thing to call someone. Sorry for using it in
Speaker 1: our title. Little Wig Eccentric is more often used today.
Speaker 1: But his family definitely has some mental health issues. His
Speaker 1: brother Otto, who we mentioned at the beginning, is schizophrenic
Speaker 1: and he's put into an asylum. His aunt Alexandra is
Speaker 1: put into a convent because she's positive she's swallowed a
Speaker 1: glass grand piano. But if Ludvig is crazy, he's very
Speaker 1: lucid at times too. He writes these eloquent letters, he
Speaker 1: studies French history and literature, and he's even politically astute
Speaker 1: when he actually tries, you know, when he's not worrying
Speaker 1: about his castle castles or his opera and actually gets
Speaker 1: to work well. His best friend, I think, says it
Speaker 1: best Sissy, and she said he is not mad enough
Speaker 1: to be locked up, but to abnormal to manage comfortably
Speaker 1: in the world with reasonable people. So that's the assessment
Speaker 1: from the person who knew him better than anyone. Yeah.
Speaker 1: So finally the viddles Box, worried that Lidvig would bankrupt
Speaker 1: their family, go to the Prime Minister and say that, well,
Speaker 1: you know, we'd be okay if you deposed the king.
Speaker 1: And so a panel of doctors declare living insane without
Speaker 1: seeing him. It's kind of like the tablet um and
Speaker 1: the noted psychiatrist doctor Bernhard von Gutten is one of these.
Speaker 1: And so on June tenth, Prince Leopold, who is Ludwig's uncle,
Speaker 1: declares himself Prince Regent and Otto will be king officially
Speaker 1: Otto the First and Lidvig is at nisch fon Stein
Speaker 1: when the delegation finally comes to arrest him, and the
Speaker 1: soldiers and peasants try to stop them, try to save Ludwig,
Speaker 1: but he's led away. He's taken to the Vittles Box
Speaker 1: castle Berg, which is on Lake Starnberg, and he's attended
Speaker 1: there by the doctor and that's when things start to
Speaker 1: get kind of weird. On June thirteen, he asks to
Speaker 1: attend mass but is refused, and later in the day,
Speaker 1: after a huge meal lots of wine, he gets Dr
Speaker 1: Gooden to walk along the lake with him, but they
Speaker 1: don't come back, and a search party finds that the
Speaker 1: king has drowned face up, which is strange because he
Speaker 1: was a very good swimmer and he was only in
Speaker 1: four ft of water. Dr Gouden is also dead, So
Speaker 1: what happened there? Obviously a lot of theories about this,
Speaker 1: and the main assumption for many years is that the
Speaker 1: king committed suicide because he had no future. He was
Speaker 1: essentially a prisoner, and Dr Guten drowned trying to say
Speaker 1: of him. Others have suggested that he was perhaps trying
Speaker 1: to cross the lake to meet people sent by Sissy
Speaker 1: and escape to Austria and escape to her, and then
Speaker 1: others say he was murdered, maybe even that he was
Speaker 1: shot and not drowned at all. And we would probably
Speaker 1: no more, I feel if we opened his crypt in
Speaker 1: Munich at St. Michael's. All of the victuals box are
Speaker 1: interred there and they have identical cripts, but his stands
Speaker 1: out because it's always covered with flowers, and he's still
Speaker 1: very popular, despite the fact that he nearly bankrupted his family.
Speaker 1: His castles are today among Bavaria's main attractions. Who doesn't
Speaker 1: want to go see the Sleeping Beauty Castle? Well, and interestingly,
Speaker 1: they started to become these major attractions. I think within
Speaker 1: weeks after his death, people were paying to go to them.
Speaker 1: So in the long run, it's been a pretty good
Speaker 1: investment for Bavaria. I'd say Ludwig's own memorial is far
Speaker 1: simpler than any of these castles. It's across in the
Speaker 1: lake at the spot where he drowned. But Sarah and
Speaker 1: I were talking about it's always so strange for us
Speaker 1: to talk about these subjects who are supposedly so well loved.
Speaker 1: We keep reading, you know, the well loved so and so,
Speaker 1: but we have no idea how these people are actually
Speaker 1: viewed in their own country. Yeah, if you're in the area,
Speaker 1: let us know what you think about Ludwig. It always
Speaker 1: has a little funny thing. Supposedly you people love this guy,
Speaker 1: but you know, maybe not. It's easy enough to see though,
Speaker 1: why he would be so well loved. He's a gentle
Speaker 1: pacifist king. He's extremely eccentric, but that only makes him
Speaker 1: more interesting. It's also always interesting, like we talked about
Speaker 1: in our Emperor Norton podcast, to try to diagnose people
Speaker 1: posthumously and figure out what sort of mental illness Ludwig
Speaker 1: was grappling with, and it was in fact anything at all.
Speaker 1: And that's one of the reasons I think people are
Speaker 1: so interested him that end to his gorgeous castle and
Speaker 1: this mysterious fate that we simply do not have the
Speaker 1: answer to. Ye, thank you so much for joining us
Speaker 1: on this Saturday. If you have heard an email address
Speaker 1: or a Facebook you are l or something similar over
Speaker 1: the course of today's episode, since it is from the
Speaker 1: archive that might be out of date now, you can
Speaker 1: email us at History podcast at how stuff Works dot com,
Speaker 1: and you can find us all over social media at
Speaker 1: missed in History, and you can subscribe to our show
Speaker 1: on Apple podcasts, Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app,
Speaker 1: and wherever else you listen to podcasts. Stuff You Missed
Speaker 1: in Hisstory Class is a production of I Heart Radios
Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for my heart Radio,
Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you
Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.