Speaker 1: Ridiculous History is a production of I Heart Radio. Welcome
Speaker 1: to the show, Ridiculous Historians. Thank you so much for
Speaker 1: tuning in now. It is no secret that this, this show,
Speaker 1: which we very much enjoy making, is not just a
Speaker 1: bunch of fun for us, it's also literally our jobs,
Speaker 1: which means we deal with some very strange legal situations.
Speaker 1: We're going somewhere with this. My name is Ben, My
Speaker 1: name is no Ben. Have you ever heard of the
Speaker 1: band Negative Land? Yeah? I think so. Yeah, what do
Speaker 1: they do? They have a song called copyright Infringement is
Speaker 1: your best entertainment value? Maybe it's not a song, but
Speaker 1: it's definitely a slogan of theirs. I used to have
Speaker 1: a T shirt. But they were notorious for uncleared samples
Speaker 1: that piste people off quite a lot. They made an
Speaker 1: album called You two. On the cover of the album
Speaker 1: and has the letter you and the numeral two and
Speaker 1: then Negative Land very small at the bottom, and they
Speaker 1: were sued by the band You two. Um. But this
Speaker 1: actual album contained clips of famous radio DJ case caysum
Speaker 1: um these outtakes where he's doing a dedication to a
Speaker 1: song for someone's dead dog. Not to be confused with
Speaker 1: super producer Casey Pegram. That's right, Casey Pegram. Are you
Speaker 1: familiar with the letter you and the numeral two? I
Speaker 1: am indeed, yeah. And the dog's name is Fluffy. And
Speaker 1: you hear him getting riled up in between takes where
Speaker 1: he's like, these guys are from England and who gives
Speaker 1: a you know, Casey Casum and his non hearing him
Speaker 1: in his non jovial kind of worst was a lot
Speaker 1: of fun. But the copyright infringement is a big part
Speaker 1: of what we do, not infringement specifically, but avoiding being
Speaker 1: sued for infringements. Shall we say? Yeah? So a few
Speaker 1: a few years ago, I made a rookie mistake on
Speaker 1: an episode of car Stuff with my good pal. I write,
Speaker 1: I Scott Benjamin Uh and we sang a snatch of
Speaker 1: the birthday song on the air. Now, the birthday song,
Speaker 1: it's exactly the song you're thinking of, is a cop
Speaker 1: It has copyright, It has legal protection, which is why
Speaker 1: you never hear it on sitcoms, for instance, or even
Speaker 1: high quality television shows like Breaking Bad or something like that.
Speaker 1: You'll hear, you'll hear something else. It's because you have
Speaker 1: to legally pay someone to use that music, and nowadays
Speaker 1: copyright law is something that we associate more with the
Speaker 1: modern age. And I'm saying modern age as in like
Speaker 1: the last two hundred years, you know. But today's episode
Speaker 1: is about a much older, very vision of a copyright scrap.
Speaker 1: And no, it's not about the mouse and how the
Speaker 1: mouse affects copyright law. Yeah, uh, this is about it.
Speaker 1: This is about an entirely different story and and it's
Speaker 1: pretty old. I was surprised by how long ago this occurred,
Speaker 1: nor I was too ben But in order to talk
Speaker 1: about historic copyright law, we have to first discuss something
Speaker 1: called the Statute of ann which was passed in seventeen
Speaker 1: ten in Great Britain now the United Kingdom Um. And
Speaker 1: before this statute was passed, publishers had an absolute monopoly.
Speaker 1: But the Statute of anne Um did what very much
Speaker 1: what the idea of like a you know, the public
Speaker 1: domain kind of does so twenty one years of publishing
Speaker 1: rights for the copyright holder. And the idea was to
Speaker 1: promote the printing of new material. But the idea of
Speaker 1: copyright has existed way before even this historic copyright law
Speaker 1: around five sixty a d. We have a story that
Speaker 1: actually involves a sort of a mini war, a skirmish,
Speaker 1: I guess you could say, based around copyright um and
Speaker 1: it all had to do with the ownership of particular
Speaker 1: book of Psalms or a psalter known as the Cathatch,
Speaker 1: which is one of the oldest surviving handwritten manuscripts in Ireland.
Speaker 1: And this beef was between two saints, canonized monks of
Speaker 1: the Catholic Church in Ireland. St. Columba and St. Finian.
Speaker 1: That's right nowadays and even back during the days of
Speaker 1: the statute of an copyright infringement will land you in court,
Speaker 1: You'll have to pay fines and fees. You probably won't
Speaker 1: go to jail, you probably won't be physically injured. In
Speaker 1: this case, thousands of people would die as St. Phinn
Speaker 1: Ian and St. Colombo went head to head and it
Speaker 1: was all over the ownership of a copy of that
Speaker 1: that psalter that you mentioned earlier. Knowl now, this Irish pronunciation,
Speaker 1: it's a little tricky for us because we do not
Speaker 1: speak Gaelic ourselves. It's spelled c A t h A
Speaker 1: c h k katha. Yeah, it was like we heard, well,
Speaker 1: let's let's just let's let the computer talk. This is
Speaker 1: from a phrase concad k. Here we go concaid concadka.
Speaker 1: It's at The reason this book is important is that
Speaker 1: today it is the oldest surviving manuscript written in Ireland.
Speaker 1: It is attributed to St Colomba. So the guy we
Speaker 1: call Saint Colombo now was born calm Kill or colomb
Speaker 1: Kill in about five twenty one. He had a lot
Speaker 1: of names to like. One of them was call Um
Speaker 1: mcphelan mc Fergus, which I I love. It's a lot
Speaker 1: of fergus. It's a very lilting, gentle thing to say.
Speaker 1: And Sill was added to his first name because he
Speaker 1: spent so much time as a kid in the local church.
Speaker 1: The Gaelic word for churches sill spelled c I l
Speaker 1: l E. That's right, and calm sil or kill was
Speaker 1: it is actually translated to church dove in Gaelic. So
Speaker 1: he was born in Donegal, Ireland, and he was a
Speaker 1: descendant of Clan O'Donnell, a royal descendant in fact. And
Speaker 1: we'll just referred to him as St Columba from here
Speaker 1: on out because that's easier to say. Uh. He spent
Speaker 1: most of his life literally with his nose in books,
Speaker 1: studying in monastic schools in early Christian Ireland, and he
Speaker 1: became part of a pretty important crew, the twelve Disciples
Speaker 1: of Ireland, who were twelve very very learned gentleman who
Speaker 1: studied under UH Saint Finnian himself. Um. He also came
Speaker 1: a monk eventually and was a priest. Ah, there we go.
Speaker 1: Player two has entered the game. Could you tell us
Speaker 1: a little bit about St. Finian? Yes, so Sint Finian
Speaker 1: of Clonard is indeed player too, also known as kluane
Speaker 1: erard E r A I R D couldn't find that
Speaker 1: one on four of a or Finian or finn on
Speaker 1: nine UM. And he was one of the earliest monastic
Speaker 1: saints of Ireland. He lived from four seventy to five
Speaker 1: forty nine. So again he was this very important teacher
Speaker 1: over this group of a very influential UH monks and
Speaker 1: scholars in Ireland. He would have been much older than
Speaker 1: them at the time um of in question of the
Speaker 1: story UM. He is thought to have been born in Mischel,
Speaker 1: County Carlo UM. And he was himself placed under the
Speaker 1: care of another monk when he was a wee lad
Speaker 1: named St. Fourth Cairn Um and that is the gentleman
Speaker 1: who taught him the ways of the Lord Um in
Speaker 1: Wales actually probably also taught him to read. Yeah, of course,
Speaker 1: and that was a big deal because these manuscripts that
Speaker 1: we're talking about, and the whole notion of copyright very
Speaker 1: much hinges on this um. Thing we take for granted
Speaker 1: today is the ability to read, and you had to
Speaker 1: be studying under some very high level you know, uh
Speaker 1: scholars in order to have that ability. It was a
Speaker 1: special skill, you know, if we're just being off the cuff.
Speaker 1: It was kind of like being able to fly a
Speaker 1: hot air balloon. You might know someone who could read,
Speaker 1: or know someone who knows someone, but you probably wouldn't
Speaker 1: be reading yourself. Finny and eventually kind of solidified his
Speaker 1: legacy by founding something called the Clonard Abbey Um and
Speaker 1: that is where the twelve Apostles of Ireland studied under
Speaker 1: him in Meath, Ireland, Sinc. Colombo was an honor student
Speaker 1: in the world of the seminary. He was constantly praying.
Speaker 1: Not when I say constantly praying, I'm not being hyperbolic.
Speaker 1: He was always praying or writing. This guy wrote three
Speaker 1: hundred books over the course of his life and when
Speaker 1: we say rights, we also mean original works, and we
Speaker 1: mean transcribing existing works, which was which was something that
Speaker 1: quite a few people did in in this industry. He
Speaker 1: was leading what some authors have called the book digitization
Speaker 1: of his day. At Duro. He and his team of
Speaker 1: monks copied every single sacred text they could get their
Speaker 1: hand on. And something strange happened. Around five sixty A. D.
Speaker 1: Columba and his mentor Finian came at Odds. You see,
Speaker 1: Klimpa had acquired a new psalter, a book of psalms,
Speaker 1: and he copied it. And he said, okay, I've copied it.
Speaker 1: I'm gonna keep my copy of the work. And St.
Speaker 1: Finnian said, oh no, no, no, no, no, no no, no, no no, no,
Speaker 1: my friend, I don't think you can do that. It
Speaker 1: belonged to him in the first place. And Columbus said,
Speaker 1: why why can't I do this? The argument goes all
Speaker 1: the way up to the king. The dispute eventually leads
Speaker 1: to something I will woefully mispronounce the Battle of c
Speaker 1: U L d r E I m h n E
Speaker 1: the Battle of Cold Drayman. So here's how it all
Speaker 1: went down. St. Columba copies the psalter st Finian says,
Speaker 1: you can't do that, and of course we should mention
Speaker 1: at this time these guys aren't saints. They are holy men,
Speaker 1: but they have not been canonized beatified. So on, Yeah,
Speaker 1: you don't have a refer to a person that's alive
Speaker 1: as a saint, right That's that's that's that's pretty exclusively
Speaker 1: a posthumous thing, not officially. So they take this argument
Speaker 1: to the King and Columbus as it belongs to me
Speaker 1: because I copied it. Finnian says, it belongs to me
Speaker 1: because I own the original book. He couldn't have made
Speaker 1: a copy without my book, therefore I should have both
Speaker 1: of them. And in a Shamalan plot twist, the King
Speaker 1: gives this following judgment to every cow belongs her calth,
Speaker 1: therefore to every book belongs its copy. That's not what
Speaker 1: I was expecting. That doesn't really jibe with the modern day,
Speaker 1: you know. Uh. Columba says, well, I disagree with that,
Speaker 1: and he doesn't walk away and kick rocks. Instead, he
Speaker 1: instigates a rebellion against the king. So imagine going to
Speaker 1: a court, whatever kind of whatever kind of court case
Speaker 1: you might be involved in, something that is not concerning
Speaker 1: violence or anything. It's it's an intellectual property I P
Speaker 1: issue and then getting so angry about what the judge
Speaker 1: decrees that you decide to overthrow the country, which is
Speaker 1: which is what he attempted to do. He did successfully
Speaker 1: get a clan together to try to overthrow the king.
Speaker 1: It's pretty interesting and actually there were a few other
Speaker 1: little things thrown in the mix that led to to
Speaker 1: this this series of events. Yeah, Finnian said he didn't
Speaker 1: give permission right for it to be copied. Not only
Speaker 1: did he not give permission, like he exactly he they
Speaker 1: were living under the same roof of the time. And um,
Speaker 1: it's a little interesting, and it wouldn't really have the
Speaker 1: details as to why he didn't ask for permission, because
Speaker 1: he would have taken an awful long time to transcribe this,
Speaker 1: because we've actually heard that some accounts that it is
Speaker 1: actually a Gaelic translation of the Bible, the entire Bible.
Speaker 1: So to do that by hand, he would have taken
Speaker 1: him ages, and he had to do it at night
Speaker 1: without this this person's knowledge. Uh so I'm a little
Speaker 1: confused as to why he didn't just ask. Maybe the
Speaker 1: guy was just a real pill as you would say,
Speaker 1: with his property, and he's like, no, it's mine. What's
Speaker 1: mine is mine, you can't have it. But I thought
Speaker 1: their whole thing, their whole goal, was to make these
Speaker 1: texts available more broadly. So I'm confused as to why
Speaker 1: Finian was being such a such a jerk about the
Speaker 1: right so proslytized to spread the word of God. But
Speaker 1: even before this beef happened, there was a beef between
Speaker 1: between Columba himself and the king because he gave refuge
Speaker 1: to an escape political prisoner and um then the king
Speaker 1: Diarmud actually went against their established laws of sanctuary, at
Speaker 1: least their customs, and he had the escape ee captured
Speaker 1: and executed, and then put Columba himself under house arrest,
Speaker 1: at which point Columba tricked the guards, escaped and went
Speaker 1: back to his hometown in tier Cornal, where he then
Speaker 1: heard that the king was actually pursuing him quick point there. Though,
Speaker 1: this idea of tricking guards and escaping doesn't make a
Speaker 1: lot of sense if you think about it, I think
Speaker 1: there was something more to the story. I think it
Speaker 1: was bribery. It happens a lot even in the modern
Speaker 1: day when you hear about people escaping in uh, you know,
Speaker 1: in a cell or the uh maybe a dodgy, chaotic country,
Speaker 1: that's true. But the idea of a little bit more
Speaker 1: of like a capery, kind of like escape, maybe a
Speaker 1: disguise of some sort. It's a lot more fun to
Speaker 1: picture than just like slipping the garden, you know, um
Speaker 1: some some coin. And this is all wrapped up in
Speaker 1: the beef with the copied text as well. This was
Speaker 1: like the that was kind of the straw that broke
Speaker 1: the camel's back. I guess it was the pretext. This
Speaker 1: text was the pretext for the war. The battle rather,
Speaker 1: and this battle, which occurs in five hundred six D,
Speaker 1: leads to according to sources, you could ballpark it at
Speaker 1: up to three thousand deaths. It's not said explicitly who
Speaker 1: won the battle, but here's the thing. It was Columba
Speaker 1: who got punished for it. So I feel like we
Speaker 1: can safely that the king won that skirmish, and people
Speaker 1: were deciding what they would do to punish Columba even
Speaker 1: talked about excommunicating him, which was a huge deal. Instead,
Speaker 1: they let him stay a part of the faith and
Speaker 1: he was forced to leave Ireland and he was given
Speaker 1: the task to convert as many people to Christianity as
Speaker 1: had died on the day of that battle, so up
Speaker 1: to three thousand people if he wanted to properly pay
Speaker 1: his penance. Yeah, he took this quite seriously. Um. And
Speaker 1: he took off from Ireland and settled on the Isle
Speaker 1: of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland, the mainland
Speaker 1: of Scotland. And there he set up and he set
Speaker 1: himself up a monastery. And you may be familiar, you
Speaker 1: may that may ring a bell the Isle of Iona,
Speaker 1: because that is where many of of Scotland's kings were buried,
Speaker 1: including potentially Macbeth. So he had twelve power traveling companions
Speaker 1: with him. Uh. And he settled in five sixty three
Speaker 1: and began the work of putting together this monastery and
Speaker 1: converting um folks to Christianity. So Iona becomes the center
Speaker 1: of Columba's second act, his his redemption story, right, his
Speaker 1: redemption song, if we want to quote Marley. He works
Speaker 1: tirelessly teaching the Holy Word, the Gospel. He goes all
Speaker 1: across Scotland attempting to convert the northern Pictish people. One
Speaker 1: legend comes out of his adventures and that's that he
Speaker 1: actually met Nessie, the locked Ness monster, and scared it
Speaker 1: away by making the sign of the Cross as the
Speaker 1: creature approached. His career was not over. He went on
Speaker 1: to greatness. He became a Roman cath clergyman, and he
Speaker 1: actually contributed to the most famous ancient Irish manuscript, the
Speaker 1: Book of Kells, which you can go see today at Trinity.
Speaker 1: It's also a really delightful children's animated film. It's true,
Speaker 1: but even that was not enough to get this stain
Speaker 1: of copyright beef off of his record, off of his CV.
Speaker 1: He returned to his native land just one more time
Speaker 1: before he died, and he passed away on June nine
Speaker 1: in Iona, which he had become quite fond of. I mean,
Speaker 1: like he he definitely had made this his second home.
Speaker 1: And it sounds to me like he didn't live a
Speaker 1: life of exile and shame. I mean, he went on
Speaker 1: to do really great works and became a very revered
Speaker 1: figure in the history of Roman Catholicism. Right yeah, And
Speaker 1: he was sort of a proponent of what we would
Speaker 1: call now copy left. Have you heard of this? No
Speaker 1: coppy left is this arrangement where software or creative works
Speaker 1: can be used, modified, distributed freely on the condition that
Speaker 1: anything created by it is bound by the same condition,
Speaker 1: you know what I mean. I think that's a great
Speaker 1: way to pursue innovation. And I also do want to
Speaker 1: mention one thing about St. Columba. Alright, So I'm really
Speaker 1: into patron saints, right, I'm fascinated by the idea. I
Speaker 1: want to know your favorite patron saint, especially their patron
Speaker 1: of something obscure. St. Columba is one of the three
Speaker 1: patron saints of Ireland. We all know the most famous one, St. Patrick, right,
Speaker 1: but he's also the patron saint of Dairy, the town
Speaker 1: d E r r y. Not like milk and cheese. No, no, no,
Speaker 1: he's not that cool floods, book binders, poets and Scotland.
Speaker 1: What about St Finian, you may ask, He is the
Speaker 1: patron of the Diocese of Meath. I would say that
Speaker 1: um um came out ahead there, and that's what you
Speaker 1: get for bow guarding texts, you know, and being a
Speaker 1: jerk about letting people copy your stuff. You know, I'd
Speaker 1: say that, uh, generosity is a very important um thing
Speaker 1: when it comes to sharing books, you know. I mean, Ben,
Speaker 1: you are a very very well known book lender. You know,
Speaker 1: you love for people to experience things that you yourself
Speaker 1: have enjoyed and found culturally enriching. And I think that's
Speaker 1: a very important thing when it comes to this stuff. So,
Speaker 1: you know, be on the right side of history. Let
Speaker 1: people borrow books, right be the library you wish to
Speaker 1: see in the world. To paraphrase Guti. Actually that that
Speaker 1: actually worked out. And uh, hey, oh you know we
Speaker 1: haven't said it yet. We've got a birthday month coming
Speaker 1: up for the three of us as well as our
Speaker 1: Powell Matt Fredericks, so wild all of us. Yeah, this
Speaker 1: is that we're in the midst of it right now.
Speaker 1: Um Casey myself, you, Ben and Matt all are our
Speaker 1: le those roor and leos? What get out? Sorry, well,
Speaker 1: I'm I'm more month oriented. I don't see a lot
Speaker 1: of leoistic traits. But also a full disclosure, one of
Speaker 1: my first freelance writing gigs was writing a horoscope column
Speaker 1: and the editor hired me because I said I didn't
Speaker 1: think there was much to it and that it would
Speaker 1: be easy to write vague horoscopes. But I got out
Speaker 1: of it and I had I have a lot of
Speaker 1: respect for people who do believe it as a sort
Speaker 1: of psychological evaluation. But I don't know. I don't know
Speaker 1: if you could look at the four of us and say, well,
Speaker 1: we have a lot in common. We're human, right, we
Speaker 1: have the same number of limbs. That's I don't know.
Speaker 1: Personality wise, though, I've always found I've observed that there
Speaker 1: are some pretty interesting traits that you can associate with
Speaker 1: people's personalities that are you know, predicted by astrology. But
Speaker 1: you know, it's that confirmation bias thing that that always
Speaker 1: uh throws a wrench into the right or what if
Speaker 1: we're messing with people's personalities from the day that they
Speaker 1: can understand a language by telling them that's their personality.
Speaker 1: I don't know about all that. I I've always been
Speaker 1: pretty fascinated by it and found some stuff that was
Speaker 1: pretty interesting for me. But you know, we welcome all
Speaker 1: perspectives when it comes to everything. Uh. And here's an
Speaker 1: interesting little tidbit to wrap up on. In nineteen fifty seven,
Speaker 1: there was an archaeologist in Britain named Charles Thomas who
Speaker 1: uh excavated this wooden hut on the Aisle of Iona
Speaker 1: and believed, without any way to prove it that it
Speaker 1: belonged to St. Columba Um and only just recently, in
Speaker 1: two thousand and seventeen, a team of historians belonging to
Speaker 1: Historic Environment Scotland did radio carbon dating on some of
Speaker 1: the samples that were found in ninety seven during that excavation,
Speaker 1: and they found pieces of something called hazel charcoal that
Speaker 1: they were able to date back a fifteen hundred years
Speaker 1: to a time when Columba was absolutely in thick of
Speaker 1: his Iona days. Um, so there you go. So he did,
Speaker 1: he did live there, he did, and those radio carbon
Speaker 1: dated the site back about fifteen hundred years to a
Speaker 1: time when Colombo was absolutely living there. So this definitely
Speaker 1: would have been as Hut, and this would have been
Speaker 1: the time where he was spreading Christianity to the Pictish
Speaker 1: people of the Scottish Aisles, So that would have been
Speaker 1: more of a Celtic polytheistic religion, almost almost akin to
Speaker 1: something we referred to as paganism. Get Celtic poly theism
Speaker 1: probably often depicted as druids or something in popular mass media.
Speaker 1: But I think it's always a wonderful and inspiring thing
Speaker 1: when we are able to connect these ancient stories with
Speaker 1: true physical artifacts. Do a little bit of object journalism,
Speaker 1: which I have to talk about later. I'm really into
Speaker 1: this thing now. I will see in the defense in
Speaker 1: the defense of horoscopes, astrology, and other sorts of psycholog
Speaker 1: tragical batteries. For anyone who may be concerned that I'm
Speaker 1: pooh pooing it or throwing out the baby with the
Speaker 1: heavenly bathwater. I do want to say one thing that's
Speaker 1: been creepy for most of my life. Always ended up
Speaker 1: dating aquarians. I don't know why. I seriously think there
Speaker 1: was maybe one exception in middle school. Aquarius is I
Speaker 1: think it's aquarians? Isn't what I guess? So yeah, I
Speaker 1: never thought about that. And did you ever hear about that? Uh?
Speaker 1: That astrological sign that was found? It's a story for
Speaker 1: another day. Casey, do you remember that one? I don't
Speaker 1: remember this now. Oh my gosh, you guys, it's a
Speaker 1: true story, but we don't have time for it today.
Speaker 1: Thank you so much for tuning in. What are your
Speaker 1: favorite patron saints and what are they? Patrons of bonus
Speaker 1: points if it's super obscure, and hey, nol, what would
Speaker 1: you be the patron saint of? Probably procrastination? Patron saint
Speaker 1: of procrastination. I like it. I like it. Um, Casey,
Speaker 1: I'm not gonna put you on the spot because I
Speaker 1: know you hate that, So let's just call you the
Speaker 1: patron saying of not being put on the spot for today.
Speaker 1: How's that? So there you go? I love that? Uh
Speaker 1: and what would you be the patron saying of Let
Speaker 1: us know? We're on Facebook, we're on Instagram, we're on Twitter.
Speaker 1: You can catch me on my personal Instagram at Ben
Speaker 1: Bolan or on Twitter where I'm at Ben Bolan hs W.
Speaker 1: I mainly just rocked the Instagram at how now Noel Brown.
Speaker 1: Another fun place to get in touches through our Facebook
Speaker 1: group Ridiculous Historians. You can do that by searching for
Speaker 1: Ridiculous Historians on Facebook and you just have to answer
Speaker 1: a simple question. Name one of the members of the show.
Speaker 1: It could be me, It could be Ben, It could
Speaker 1: be super Richer, Casey Pagram, could be Jonathan Strickland the
Speaker 1: quis There could be Christopher Acios. Could just be a
Speaker 1: fun little joker upun Yeah, if you, I mean, honestly,
Speaker 1: do you make me laugh? You're in right absolutely hey,
Speaker 1: And do us a slid, write us a review on
Speaker 1: the podcast platform of your choice. Um, but doing it
Speaker 1: through Apple podcast is always super helpful way of helping
Speaker 1: people discover the show. Yeah, every week one of our
Speaker 1: bosses walked through the office dragging a heavy headsman's axe
Speaker 1: and uh, if we if we don't get good reviews,
Speaker 1: sometimes that ax swings. It's true. I mean, not not
Speaker 1: like at us in a dangerous way. Hr would never
Speaker 1: allow that, just more like kind of in an intimidating thing.
Speaker 1: He sort of drags it across the ground with sort
Speaker 1: of a screen kind of sound and occasionally a whish.
Speaker 1: You know. But luckily we haven't actually been injured by
Speaker 1: this giant axe yet. But you can make sure that
Speaker 1: definitely never happens by writing those iTunes reviews. Yes, so
Speaker 1: thanks to you for listening. Thanks to our super producer
Speaker 1: Casey Pegram. Thanks to Jonathan Strickland. That rapscallion, that's scad,
Speaker 1: That scoundrel we call the Whister. Thanks to Alex Williams
Speaker 1: who composed our theme, research associates Gabe Lucier and Ryan Barrish.
Speaker 1: Thanks to Christophrocios here always in spirit, and thanks to
Speaker 1: you Ben Bowling for for being a checker shirt wearing friend.
Speaker 1: Thanks to you, Noel Brown, and thanks to you say
Speaker 1: Colombo for looking out for book blogers. We'll see you
Speaker 1: next time, folks. For more podcasts from My Heart Radio,
Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple podcast, or wherever
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.