Speaker 1: Pushkin. Leicester Glick Starry July twenty eighth, nineteen forty five.
Speaker 1: This morning, I've looked in the mirror and hated what
Speaker 1: I saw. My face is now emaciated, sad, and flecked
Speaker 1: with black dots. Leicester Glick was one of the thirty
Speaker 1: six young men who signed up for the Minnesota's Starvation Experiment.
Speaker 1: Unlike so many of his counterparts, Glick did not leave
Speaker 1: an oral history of his experience at the Library of Congress.
Speaker 1: All we have is what he wrote in his diary.
Speaker 1: This entry is from late in the study, after months
Speaker 1: of hunger. My nose is bony, my cheeks protrude, my
Speaker 1: lips are big and flabby. My fluffy, wavy hair has
Speaker 1: become coarse and straight. My comb is always laden with
Speaker 1: blobs of loose hair. I can cap my ribs in
Speaker 1: the mirror, and my collarbone sticks out as though dislocated.
Speaker 1: My arm muscles have dwindled that I could reach around
Speaker 1: my arm above the elbow with my thumb and third finger.
Speaker 1: I am so weak I can scarcely walk. I am tired, discouraged.
Speaker 1: My life has all been drained from me. And here's
Speaker 1: what Lester Glick wrote on October nineteenth, the second to
Speaker 1: last day of the experiment. To day turned out to
Speaker 1: be the worst day of my life. This evening, Doctor
Speaker 1: Taylor called me into his office and told me I
Speaker 1: have developed a tuberculosis lesion on the apex of my
Speaker 1: left lung. I am to go home, enter a sanatorium,
Speaker 1: and begin a six month rehabilitation program. I couldn't have
Speaker 1: received any worse news. Mar tuberculosis came into sharp focus. However,
Speaker 1: as we gathered for the last supper celebration, all of
Speaker 1: the subjects, in fear of my dread disease, moved away
Speaker 1: from me and I sat alone, completely isolated from the others.
Speaker 1: My name is Malcolm Glodwell. You're listening to Revisionist History,
Speaker 1: my podcast about things overlooked and misunderstood. This is the
Speaker 1: final episode of our look at the Starvation Experiment run
Speaker 1: by Ansel Keys during the Second World Boar. Today, I
Speaker 1: want to tell the story of Leicester Glick, the story
Speaker 1: of what happened to him after the experiment and how
Speaker 1: he made sense of all the suffering he had been through.
Speaker 1: Just tell me a little bit about your father. First
Speaker 1: of all, so I looked very much like him. He
Speaker 1: had dark curly hair. He was about five five I
Speaker 1: think maybe five six if we really if he stood
Speaker 1: on his tiptoes, maybe he was down to one hundred
Speaker 1: and fourteen pounds at his lowest weight. Leicester Glick died
Speaker 1: in two thousand and three, but I spoke with two
Speaker 1: of his children, that's his daughter Chris, and he was
Speaker 1: a very thin man until he got out of the
Speaker 1: starvation experiment. I mean before he went there, he was thin,
Speaker 1: but then he had an eating disorder the rest of
Speaker 1: his life, so he gained and lost hundreds of pounds
Speaker 1: throughout the rest of his life. He was kind of
Speaker 1: roly poly as how I remember him. After I spoke
Speaker 1: to Chris, I called up Lester Glick's son, Byron. How
Speaker 1: do you think the experience being involved in that experiment
Speaker 1: changed him completely? And not at all. It's clear to
Speaker 1: me that Daddy's relationship with food and with his body
Speaker 1: was utterly and completely disordered and changed by the starvation experiment.
Speaker 1: In that regard, he never got over the starvation experiment,
Speaker 1: and Dad talks says he was talking about his struggles
Speaker 1: with his way that he never This is just amazing
Speaker 1: to think about. He never got over being hungry. He
Speaker 1: was always hungry, even when he had all the food
Speaker 1: he wanted. That something had happened in his physiology that
Speaker 1: broke the connection between his stomach and his brain and
Speaker 1: it never cured. You know, I never saw my father cry,
Speaker 1: but I saw him as close to tears when he
Speaker 1: would talk about that experience. It's making me cry. Like
Speaker 1: he would always keep candy underneath his seat, the driver's
Speaker 1: seat in the car because he always wanted to have
Speaker 1: food close to him just in case he got hungry,
Speaker 1: and he described starvation as the worst deprivation there is
Speaker 1: for humankind. As a kid, sometimes I felt like he
Speaker 1: was detached. Looking back on it, I think he was scared,
Speaker 1: and he was scared because he had experienced things that
Speaker 1: most people don't experience. I think my dad was scarred
Speaker 1: in the same way you hear about veterans being scarred
Speaker 1: about active war. That there's just some stuff you can't
Speaker 1: explain and you can't control, and it's scary. And part
Speaker 1: of me wishes that my dad had never had to
Speaker 1: experience that, that he had had a sweeter life than
Speaker 1: he had, and he had a pretty sweet life. He
Speaker 1: had a good life. He would say he had a
Speaker 1: good life. But he paid a price for what he believed,
Speaker 1: and he kept paying that price his whole life. He
Speaker 1: was an amazing man. Byron and Chris both know what
Speaker 1: their father went through, but they also know what he
Speaker 1: became as a result. For as long as scientists have
Speaker 1: puzzled about human physiology, they've wondered how the body responds
Speaker 1: to extended deprivation. When you don't eat enough, you get weak.
Speaker 1: We all know that, but beyond that, the details quickly
Speaker 1: get complicated, and those critical details obsessed ancal Keys as
Speaker 1: he set out to design the starvation experiment. In twenty
Speaker 1: twenty one, the journal Obesity Reviews devoted an entire issue
Speaker 1: to the legacy of ancl Keys. The issue was organized
Speaker 1: by a physiologist at the University of Frieburg in Switzerland.
Speaker 1: His name is Abdul Dulus. Give me an example of
Speaker 1: a question that is very difficult to answer in your world.
Speaker 1: I mean, right from the beginning of nineteen hundred, from
Speaker 1: prisoners of wars, from people being mald nourished and recovering,
Speaker 1: that there was a tendency for body fat to be
Speaker 1: recovered faster than lean mass and muscle mass and so forth,
Speaker 1: and This was quite a problem because when you think
Speaker 1: of you are rehabilitating a patient who has that's a
Speaker 1: cancer or infection or wherever that they lose weight because
Speaker 1: of the disease. When you have to make them recover,
Speaker 1: you would prefer them to recover tissue, organ, muscle, because
Speaker 1: that's where the functionality is critical, right, But they have
Speaker 1: problems to recover muscle mass, muscle function, and relatively ease
Speaker 1: to recover fat, and especially in the abdominal area, which
Speaker 1: is where the bad fat is situated. Muscle is a
Speaker 1: lot more important to regaining your health and fat. But
Speaker 1: the body wants to recover a fat first after extended
Speaker 1: weight loss, and not just a little fat. Not only
Speaker 1: the fat faster, but they recover more fat than they lost,
Speaker 1: That's what I mean. So they recover more weight and
Speaker 1: it's mostly fat. Why does the body do that? And
Speaker 1: is there something that science could do to make the
Speaker 1: body switch tactics and build lean muscle instead. You could
Speaker 1: imagine all the areas where the answers to these questions
Speaker 1: would be useful. Keys was focused on people suffering from
Speaker 1: malnutrition during the war, concentration camp survivors, for example. That's
Speaker 1: one area DeLux mentioned people recovering from serious illness, cancer
Speaker 1: patients after chemotherapy. That's another, but as also people trying
Speaker 1: to recover from eating disorders, people struggling with obesity, trying
Speaker 1: to maintain weight loss. Eighty five of those who lose
Speaker 1: weight gain it back. We need to understand that process.
Speaker 1: But there's a problem. There's no easy way to do
Speaker 1: good experiments on starvation and its aftermath. I mean, how
Speaker 1: would you do it? You need to carefully control what
Speaker 1: people eat, when they eat, how much they eat, and
Speaker 1: you have to do that for months on end, because
Speaker 1: nothing useful about diet can be learned from a few
Speaker 1: weeks of observations. You can't run experiments with prisoners or
Speaker 1: people locked up in a psychiatric hospital, because that would
Speaker 1: be unethical. You need people who consent to be starved
Speaker 1: and have the discipline to follow up on their commitment.
Speaker 1: But how do you find people who fit that profile.
Speaker 1: A few years ago, the National Institutes of Health organize
Speaker 1: something called the Calorie Study, or one hundred and forty
Speaker 1: three adults signed up for two years of stringent dieting.
Speaker 1: The goal was for them to cut their caloric intake
Speaker 1: by twenty five percent. And they received quote an intensive
Speaker 1: lifestyle intervention to foster adherents, individual counseling, group sessions, consultants.
Speaker 1: How much caloric intake did the volunteers end up cutting
Speaker 1: from their diets when all was said and done, not
Speaker 1: twenty five percent, twelve percent. After all that effort, the volunteers,
Speaker 1: on average only got halfway to their goal. And can
Speaker 1: you blame them? It's just too much to ask someone
Speaker 1: to give up a quarter of the calories they consume
Speaker 1: and to do that every day for months on end,
Speaker 1: Except that is if we're talking about ansal keys as
Speaker 1: guinea pigs. Abdul Delou told me that when he started
Speaker 1: working in the field of obesity and metabolism almost thirty
Speaker 1: years ago, he quickly realized that the best source of
Speaker 1: data on some problems, and in some cases the only
Speaker 1: source of data, was the Minnesota starvation experiment, And so
Speaker 1: Keys kept meticulous, comprehensive records on what six months of
Speaker 1: starvation looked like. And then Keys collected another mountain of
Speaker 1: data that could help answer questions about body fat once
Speaker 1: the volunteers started eating normally Again, what we know about
Speaker 1: the human body of a normal weight person reacting to
Speaker 1: starvation is based on the minnota experiment. The Minnesota experiment
Speaker 1: is the gold standard. I did a thing in my
Speaker 1: podcast this season where I asked researchers for their magic
Speaker 1: wand experiment, which is the experiment that they would do
Speaker 1: if I gave them a magic wand and they could
Speaker 1: wave away all logistical, financial, practical, ethical, whatever constraints. And
Speaker 1: I'm curious, if I gave you a magic wand, what
Speaker 1: is the diet on nutrition study that you would do?
Speaker 1: You mean ethical also is yeah, we forget about it
Speaker 1: to try to do a similar study. But now we
Speaker 1: have so much more technology. We can monitor physical activity,
Speaker 1: a lot of the changes of function functional, whether it's
Speaker 1: muscle or though it's immune function and all that. What
Speaker 1: you're saying is you'd simply redo the Minnesota study, only
Speaker 1: this time use modern methods to gather an order of
Speaker 1: magnitude more data. Right, The whole point of a magic
Speaker 1: wand experiment is that it's the experiment you could never
Speaker 1: do in real life. Ansel Keys did the perfect experiment
Speaker 1: without a magic wand. And why was Ansal Keys able
Speaker 1: to do that? Because he was lucky enough to find
Speaker 1: volunteers willing to starve themselves to the point where their
Speaker 1: faces were flecked with black dots, their noses were bony,
Speaker 1: their cheeks protruding, their hair course and straight and fall
Speaker 1: out in big globes. This diz and really really really
Speaker 1: huge contribution to the humanity y and they were not
Speaker 1: forced to do it. When the US entered World War Two,
Speaker 1: Lester Glick was twenty three years old, he declared himself
Speaker 1: a conscientious objector. He had grown up in a Mennonite family,
Speaker 1: attending one of the historic peace churches where Pacifism is
Speaker 1: attendant of faith. Glick was assigned to Opsilent in Michigan,
Speaker 1: to the State Mental Hospital. He was the night charge
Speaker 1: attendant on the active tuberculosis ward. Then one day he
Speaker 1: saw a notice on a bulletin board and at the
Speaker 1: top there was a statement that said, will you starve
Speaker 1: that they be better fed. So Lester Glick would have
Speaker 1: seen this that spoke to him in his lane, which
Speaker 1: let's Dwayne Stiltswus a historian at the same Mennonite school.
Speaker 1: Lester glickt once attended Goshen College. I think when I
Speaker 1: was hungry, did you feed me? When I was thirsty?
Speaker 1: Did you give me something to drink. It is that
Speaker 1: kind of language. So it very much is responding to
Speaker 1: Christ's invitation to go out into the world, not to
Speaker 1: stay in your in your church, but to go out
Speaker 1: into the world and to do good work and be
Speaker 1: judged by those actions. Matthew twenty five, verse thirty five,
Speaker 1: the same crucial verse I talked about a few episodes
Speaker 1: ago in talking about refugees and acts of kindness. My
Speaker 1: friend Jim Leaptisin, who's a Menonite pastor, calls Matthew twenty
Speaker 1: five the national anthem of the Mennonite Church, the verse
Speaker 1: that defines the Mennonite religious calling to welcome this changer,
Speaker 1: to clothe the naked, and to feed the hungry. For
Speaker 1: Mennonites certainly of luster Glicks generation, but I would say
Speaker 1: across generations, the reading of Matthew twenty five is a
Speaker 1: literal reading. It is a powerful invitation to step out
Speaker 1: of your comfort zone and go to places that are
Speaker 1: dangerous and risky and uncomfortable in order to do good.
Speaker 1: And this is another front spread over the face of America.
Speaker 1: Like the other fronts, it is big and complicated, so
Speaker 1: big that only a few men in the whole nation
Speaker 1: can understand its real capacity for waging war. So Lesterglick
Speaker 1: moved to Minneapolis and took one of the long line
Speaker 1: of cots that Anso Keys had set up underneath the
Speaker 1: school's football stadium. He became a guinea pig. Now did
Speaker 1: Lesterglick understand in that moment what he was getting into.
Speaker 1: Of course not nobody did. That's the point of an experiment.
Speaker 1: The subject commits to an uncertain outcome. But over the
Speaker 1: course of his long year in Minneapolis, he documents in
Speaker 1: his diaries his descent into a kind of hell. He
Speaker 1: is just one of the kindest, most gracious people. But
Speaker 1: as he writes about his experience, he writes about getting
Speaker 1: really angry, angry with the officials in charge because they've
Speaker 1: taken away his allotment of bread. You know, he's no
Speaker 1: longer getting the two slices he thought he was going
Speaker 1: to get because he's not losing weight fast enough. Back
Speaker 1: when Lester Glick had been working at the State mental
Speaker 1: hospital in Michigan, he wrote with pride about the connections
Speaker 1: he made with patients who could not speak. He loved
Speaker 1: to work with patients and help them. But now in
Speaker 1: his hunger, he was becoming isolated, antisocial. He started to
Speaker 1: dislike the company of his fellow guinea pigs. And so
Speaker 1: there is this the separation that starts to take place,
Speaker 1: this breakdown and in relations that is not at all
Speaker 1: in keeping with the real luster Gleck. But it was
Speaker 1: the new malnourished luster Gleck who was separated from all
Speaker 1: the people around him. He understands that what it means
Speaker 1: to be hungry is not a momentary physiological deficit. It
Speaker 1: is a profound and overwhelming deprivation on every level. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it's a deep isolation, and an isolation that goes against
Speaker 1: the building up of community that he's been a part
Speaker 1: of since childhood. That church community, the family community was
Speaker 1: had shaped who he was in the most basic ways.
Speaker 1: In the bit of scripture so essential to Mennonites. For
Speaker 1: I was hungry, and you fed me. Lester Glick now
Speaker 1: understands what hungry means. It's not just calorie deprivation, it's
Speaker 1: the absence of any kind of sustenance. And then at
Speaker 1: the end of his time in Minneapolis, he discovers he
Speaker 1: has developed tuberculosis as a result of his ordeal. So
Speaker 1: Daddy's plan had been to go to medical school when
Speaker 1: he was in college and he was going to be
Speaker 1: a doctor, and then when he got TV during the
Speaker 1: starvation Experiment, that his doctors told him that he couldn't
Speaker 1: withstand the rigors of medical school and medical education and
Speaker 1: then medical practice, and so they advised him to do
Speaker 1: something else, and he chose social work. His life took
Speaker 1: a profoundly different turn. He got a master's and then
Speaker 1: he got his PhD at Washington University in Saint Louis
Speaker 1: because he felt like, as he practiced social work that
Speaker 1: social work education was what his calling was. So he
Speaker 1: wanted to teach other people how to practice social work
Speaker 1: with the principles of loving kindness and not just as
Speaker 1: a sort of mechanical practice of obtaining services for people.
Speaker 1: Click started a school of social work at Goshen College,
Speaker 1: his alma mater in Indiana. He went on to start
Speaker 1: another school of social work at Syracuse University, then one
Speaker 1: of the University of Southern Mississippi. He's a social work
Speaker 1: school planter. Yes, yes, that's exactly right. In Glick's self
Speaker 1: published memoirs, as a chart called Places I Have Called Home,
Speaker 1: which takes up an entire page, thirty eight addresses in
Speaker 1: all Webster Groves, Missouri, South Main Street, Goshen, Indiana, Ramsey Avenue, Syracuse,
Speaker 1: New York, Montague Street, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Cris crossing the country
Speaker 1: his entire adult life in pursuit of the hungry. One
Speaker 1: of the things, one of the practices that he in
Speaker 1: forest while we were growing up, is that he wanted
Speaker 1: us to know what hunger was like as well, so
Speaker 1: we could be empathic for people who were not able
Speaker 1: to eat like we were. So Wednesdays, every Wednesday, all
Speaker 1: we could eat was white rice all day, and we
Speaker 1: had limited servings. Some of my first memories was, you know,
Speaker 1: reading rice on Wednesdays, and then I mean I did
Speaker 1: that until I went to college. How did you and
Speaker 1: your siblings feel about that? Did you understand the point
Speaker 1: of it? I don't think we did, except we knew
Speaker 1: how important it was to our father, and we laughed
Speaker 1: about it and kind of kidded him about it. But
Speaker 1: I don't remember any of us ever saying this is stupid,
Speaker 1: we're not doing this. We just we did it. It's
Speaker 1: not a trivial thing. If you're hungry to be fed,
Speaker 1: it's it's one of the greatest services you can do
Speaker 1: to another human being when he was dying. They lived
Speaker 1: in a little retirement community, and they had these little
Speaker 1: individual sort of apartments where people could live that we're
Speaker 1: free standing. And Daddy he always was a gardener. He
Speaker 1: had a really great green thumb, and so he had
Speaker 1: a large garden where he provided fresh vegetables for all
Speaker 1: the people in the twelve little units where they lived.
Speaker 1: And when he got sick that year, he couldn't maintain
Speaker 1: his garden anymore, and he was very concerned about where
Speaker 1: his neighbors were going to get their fresh vegetables if
Speaker 1: he wasn't able to provide them for him. The more
Speaker 1: time I've spent looking at the starvation experiment, the less
Speaker 1: I've understood why so many people in the scientific community
Speaker 1: are uneasy with what happened. People say, nothing like that
Speaker 1: could and should be done today. But why, what exactly
Speaker 1: is it about the experiment that is so incomprehensible to
Speaker 1: us today. I think the answer is that we focus
Speaker 1: far too much on what was given up in the
Speaker 1: moment by the volunteers, and we forget about what was
Speaker 1: gained down the road as the result of that suffering.
Speaker 1: The Minnesota experiment left a permanent mark on nearly every
Speaker 1: one of its participants. They understood something about food and
Speaker 1: hunger that they hadn't before their experience. Of the eighteen
Speaker 1: who left their oral histories with the Library of Congress,
Speaker 1: Savin signed up for something called Heifers for Relief, a
Speaker 1: program that after the war, shipped livestock from America to Europe.
Speaker 1: The volunteers took trips back and forth across the Atlantic,
Speaker 1: taking care of the animals. Another Minnesota participant worked in
Speaker 1: relief camps after the war. Sam Legg, one of the
Speaker 1: leaders of the Guinea Pigs, worked with the Quakers to
Speaker 1: buy food for the hungry and post war Europe, Marshal
Speaker 1: Sutton traveled to the Middle East to feed refugees in Gaza.
Speaker 1: Several more went to Divinity School. Another man spent thirty
Speaker 1: years as a missionary in South Africa, Mozambique and Kenya.
Speaker 1: And Lester Glick set out to plant social work schools
Speaker 1: throughout the United States, feeding the hungry in spirit, but
Speaker 1: also just the hungry, because after his year in Minneapolis,
Speaker 1: he no longer made a distinction between spiritual and physical deprivation.
Speaker 1: In his diary of his experience in Minnesota, Lick wrote
Speaker 1: when he was deep into the starvation phase. Books on
Speaker 1: starvation tell us that hungry people eat clay wood, bark,
Speaker 1: unclean animals and often become cannibalistic. Yesterday I took the
Speaker 1: lead out of a pencil and began chewing the wood.
Speaker 1: It tasted all right. For some crazy reason, I crave
Speaker 1: raw horse, radish sassafrash roots, and rabbit meat. I think
Speaker 1: about how cannibalism is a terrible option for a starving
Speaker 1: person and try to put it out of my mind,
Speaker 1: but I can't seemed to stop thinking about it. You
Speaker 1: don't really get out of feelings like that. The best
Speaker 1: you can do is channel them into something else. For Glick,
Speaker 1: it became cinnamon rolls. After his year in Minnesota. He
Speaker 1: became obsessed with them. He cut out a picture of
Speaker 1: cinnamon rolls from a magazine and carried it with him
Speaker 1: at all times. It was in his wallet until the
Speaker 1: day he died. So Dad was known for his cinnamon rolls.
Speaker 1: He made these deep fried cinnamon rolls that were just
Speaker 1: amazingly delicious things, and he would make literally thousands of roles.
Speaker 1: There's a picture of me or one of my siblings
Speaker 1: sitting at the kitchen table and the tables covered in rolls, rolls,
Speaker 1: there are roles on the counters behind us, and dead
Speaker 1: took great delight in taking those roles to people, of
Speaker 1: bringing them into church and people enjoying them. And it's
Speaker 1: kind of a microcosm of what Dad was up to
Speaker 1: his whole life, of giving people some kind of sustenance
Speaker 1: that brought them to an unexpectedly good place. Byron was
Speaker 1: in a little office in his home in Wisconsin, remembering
Speaker 1: his father, who had been dead for twenty years. But
Speaker 1: there was something in that specific memory of the cinnamon
Speaker 1: rolls that moved him. Yeah, yeah, Byron, this has been
Speaker 1: I have one last request of you. Sure, I would
Speaker 1: like you? Can you read that passage from Matthew give
Speaker 1: me King James's properly um actually let me run ghetto Bible.
Speaker 1: He left the room and came back with a family heirloom,
Speaker 1: his grandfather's Bible, battered leather bound, handed down from his
Speaker 1: grandfather to his father and from his father to him.
Speaker 1: Byron looked for the passage in Matthew, the Mennonite national
Speaker 1: anthem for I was in hungered and you gave me me.
Speaker 1: I was thirsty and you gave me drink. I was
Speaker 1: a stranger and you took me in naked and he
Speaker 1: clothed me. I was sick, and ye visited me. I
Speaker 1: was in prison, and you came unto me. Verily, I say,
Speaker 1: unto you, insomuch as you have done it unto one
Speaker 1: of the least of my brethren, you have also done
Speaker 1: it unto me. That's beautiful. Yeah, Byron, thank you so much.
Speaker 1: This has been. What a wonderful What a wonderful Father
Speaker 1: oh Man. Revisionist History is produced by Eloise Linton Leeve
Speaker 1: and Gistu and Jacob Smith, with Tali Emlyn. Our editor
Speaker 1: is Julia Barton. Our executive producer is Mia LaBelle. Original
Speaker 1: scoring by Luis Gara, mastering by Flawn Williams and engine
Speaker 1: by Nina Lawrence. Fact checking by Beth Johnson. Voice acting
Speaker 1: by Tim Heller. Special thanks to the Pushkin Crew Had
Speaker 1: a Fame, Eric Sandler, Maggie Taylor, Sean Carney, Morgan Ratner,
Speaker 1: Mary Beth Smith, Jordan McMillan, Carlie Megliori, Maya Kanig Royston Deserved,
Speaker 1: Daniella Lakhan, Nicole Morano, Isabella Nirvaya's letal Mollad, John Schnar's,
Speaker 1: Jason Gambrel, Amanda ka Wong, Kazeia Tan and of course
Speaker 1: our fearless leader l Hafe, Jacob Weisberg. I'm Malcolm Glapo March.
Speaker 1: If you target towns and cities, it's as clear as
Speaker 1: day that they will be civilian victims. In nineteen forty five,
Speaker 1: the US firebomb Tokyo, destroying a quarter of the city
Speaker 1: and killing more than one hundred thousand people. I wrote
Speaker 1: about this infamous bombing campaign in my audiobook The Bomber Mafia,
Speaker 1: and one of the survivor's voices we hear is from
Speaker 1: a project called Paper City. Paper City is now out
Speaker 1: as a groundbreaking feature documentary. Director Adrian Francis explores what
Speaker 1: we choose to remember and hope to forget. To find
Speaker 1: out more, visit paper City film dot com and follow
Speaker 1: at Paper City Tokyo on social media.