JAMES L. FARMER JR. (January 12, 1920–July 9, 1999) Civil rights leader James Farmer was born in Marshall, Texas, in 1920. He spent his childhood in Austin but returned to Marshall to attend Wiley College, where he joined the team of “great debaters” coached by legendary teacher Melvin Tolson.Though Farmer had intended become a Methodist minister, Tolson’s influence—and segregation within the church—led him to activism.In 1942, Farmer organized the Congress of Racial Equality in Chicago. A... Read More