1:11:37 Or less strictly determined by one's academic ranking in secondary school and in university exams. This created a feeling of resignation. As a young man in this system, it would feel as though your whole future were already decided and laid out in front of you. And incidentally, the more a young person felt they were benefiting from this system, the more politically conservative they were likely to be. Even at universities that had been hotbeds of leftist activity like todai when the economy was good, freeders, adults who engaged in irregular or non salaried work, were seen as making a choice, rejecting the all consuming corporate life in favor of work that, even if it provided fewer benefits, gave them more freedom. However, as time passed and the economy went into recession, freers were seen more negatively, their lack of regular salaried employment characterized as a refusal to be part of or contribute to society. This feels particularly cruel given that after the bubble burst, japanese businesses replaced many of their regular positions with part time and contract jobs. There were simply fewer good jobs to go around, and those jobs weren't as good as they used to be. No expectation of lifetime employment, no guaranteed raises based on seniority and even heavier workloads. Andrew Gordon outlined an extreme example. Enterprises hire far more new employees than they plan to keep, impose impossible work norms, demand long hours of unpaid overtime, and squeeze out their labor until they quit, often in exhaustion or with damaged health. Young people sign on for such jobs, drawn by promises of regular employment status in a difficult job market. These conditions delegitimized the old construct of adulthood. Why work quote so hard to become like adults, like their sad parents in a society that might never reward them for that work? One change was that in the 90s, youth rebellion or rejection of the old norms wasn't through social movements as much as it was expressed in their personal lives. A prime example of what was called the twofold consciousness of the generation is a person who outwardly conforms at their office job but resists the expectation that they dedicate themselves to the job 100% and pursues their passions and interests, like, say, anime, in their free time. Which brings us to otaku. The word otaku originally means you, your home or yours with respectful connotations, the kind of word you might use to talk to someone of similar social standing, but with whom you are not particularly close. As a slang term, Kinsella describes it as referring both to someone who is not accustomed to close friendships and therefore tries to communicate with peers using this distant and overly formal language, and to.